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the primary ecological function of fungi - degradation: recycle biomass, destroys structures, and destroys life

Hyphae - The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Mycelium- densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

germ tube- the initial tube-like outgrowth that develops from a conidium or spore; is the beginning of a true hypha; no constriction at the parent cell (unlike pseudohyphae)

ringworm - A highly contagious, fungal infection of the skin or scalp.

Armillaria ostoyae - worlds largest organism

Sapotrophs -Organisms that ingest dead organic matter externally, through secretion of digestive enzymes.

chitin- A structural polymer that provides both toughness and flexibility made of glucose

fungi-A eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food.

fungi cell-mostly comprised of hyphae that elongate by tip growth, hyphae collectively compromise the mycelium

cell compartmentalisation-Refers to organelles in eukaryotic cells acting as micro-environments allowing specific functions to be performed more efficiently.

septum-internal cross-walls that are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells.

Woronin body-seals up the septum if the tip bursts to prevent damage to the entire hyphae

yeast-unicellular fungi

spores-single-celled reproductive propagules highly resistant to cold and heat damage; capable of new organisms; disperses through space

Chytridiomycota-(chytrids) a primitive division of fungi that live in water and produce gametes with flagella, no hyphae,

morphological species concept-characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features-biological species concept

Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.-phylogenetic species concept

6 phylums of Kingdom Fungi-chytridiomycota, blastomycota, zygomycota, zoopagomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

zoospores-located in sporangia, flagellated spores in chytrids

coenocytic-hyphae without septa

cytoplasmic cleavage-Spores are made all at once and then released

Blastocladiomycota-have single flagella and unflagellated zoospores; true fungi, absent septa, mostly aquatic

Zygomycota-true hyphae, no septa, terrestrial; cell wall has chitan, chitosan and polyglucuronic acid

mating type (fungi)-determined by a single locus, with each different idiomorphic gene present at the locus for each

homothallic-describes when only one mating type is present in an individual mycelium

heterothallic-describes when both mating types are present in mycelium

Pilobilus-Fungi that grows on herbivore dung; lifecycle similar to Rhizopus

zoopagomycota-hyphae, no septa, zygospores, conidia, terrestrial; pathogens of animals

sexual spores in zoopagomycetes

zygospore in sporangia

biocontrol-fungi is used to combat insects without chemicals

Ascomycota (sac fungi)-a division of fungi that store spores in a sac called ascus; septa (w/ central pole), cell wall contains chitin and glucans, non-motile spores, closely related to basidiomycota

sexual spores of ascomycetes-ascospores

asexual spores ascomycetes

Conidiospores produced in the conidiophores

Gametangial fusion-1) compatible yeast cells
2) fusion of cells to create dikaryotic phase
3) meiosis & mitosis to create ascus containing 8 ascospores

dikaryotic-Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Ascocarps: Perithecium-a round or flask-shaped fruiting body with a pore through which the spores are discharged.

Ascocarps: Apothecium-disk or cup shaped reproductive structure in fungi

Ascocarps: Cleistothecium-A completely closed ascocarp.

Mitosporic fungi-Species that lack a known sexual cycle

Holomorph-A fungus which consists of all sexual and asexual stages in its life cycle.

Anamorph-asexual (imperfect, mitotic) form of fungi

Teleomorph-sexual (perfect, meiotic) state of a fungus

Basidiomycota-club fungi (mushrooms); produce basidium, macroscopic basidiocarp (fruiting structures), production of well developed septate

clamp connections-hyphal structures that help distribute nuclei during cell division in basidiomycetes

dolipore septum-A septum which flares out in the middle portion of a hypha, forming a barrel-shaped structure with open ends. Characteristic of some Basidiomycetes.

similarities between basidiomycetes and ascomycetes-Compartmentalized mycelium, dikaryotic stage, specialized pore producing tissues, production of conidia, and likely derived from a common ancestor.