Deck #1
Intersections of research and motor learning
Research in Motor behavior:
Basic research: understanding simple and narrow questions that specifically uncover phenomena
Empirical research: empirical means observation it is conducted in lab or field investigating problems
Applied research: conducted in real world settings and help solve real world problems
Theoretical research: represents thinking regarding large skill issues, thinking is accumulated by reviewing the theoretical and empirical scholarship in an area
A new theory of motor learning:
Chua, Wulf, and Lewtgwaite (2018) provided an empirical test of optimal theory
My research interests:
Bridging, basic and applied research, experimental, memory and motor skill research,expertise/contextual/interference/collaboration
What is psychology?
is a study of human and animal behavior
How is the field of psychology organized?
Developmental, industrial/organizational, clinical, experimental (cognitive perceptual, visual, verbal learning, motor learning), physiological, educational, abnormal, human factors, and social
Examples of sub disciplinary study in kinesiology:
Sport and exercise psychology, motor behavior, adapted physical activity, exercise, physiology, sports sociology, sport, history, sport, philosophy, measurement and evaluation
What is motor learning?
Study of how humans animals and machines learn and perform motor skills
What is motor behavior?
Motor learning - cognitive process processing underlying motor skills behavior
Motor control - motor programming and organization of motor patterns
Dynamic systems - complex systems that interact to explain behavior
Sport and exercise psychology - the study of behavioral factors (personality/dynamic relationships) enhance support performance
Goal directed movements:
This means it is carried out to meet a particular goal, voluntary, under the direct control of the performer
Examples: tennis serve, volleyball set, typing, speaking, driving, eating, pick up a cup of coffee
Information processing:
input —> central processing—> output
Central processing includes perception, decision, and effector processes (what’s going on inside the brain)
Defining movements
Gentile (2000) identify different types of movements:
Orienting movement provides information for effective adaptive movement
Orienting movement, Adaptive movement, non-adaptive movement
Movement made to change or maintain the position of the body, or any combination of movement of an object and movement of the body
Orienting movements
Movements to adjust the sensory apparatus such as the eyes or ears to better pick up relevant information
Adaptive movements
Movements to either maintain or change the position of the body; movements made to maintain or change the position of an object
Non-adaptive movements
Reflexive movement
Noticed the hierarchical nature of the model of movement types, presented below where orienting adapted, and not adapted or different types of movement seeing how adaptive movements are further defined in the third level of hierarchy
Eye Tracking: watch video link
Information processing:
The study of behavioral processes, that underline movement examining how external stimuli change and how changes affect central processing
Example: when external conditions change this could impact perception, decision making, and organization of output in the effect processes Which includes the various response parameters applied to movement (size of movement, speed of movement, force of movement)
Input: internal and external stimuli —> Central processing: Perception, decision, Effector —> Output: movement, process/product —> feedback: to input around again
Movement process: information processing, Motor plan is developed in decision process and relates to what the performer Intends to do, Motor program is developed during effect process and guides the movement with the neuromuscular commands, Form of movement can be described as part of the movement process (What is form of Movement), Motor pattern can be a measure of movement process using technology Biomechanist study the motor pattern
Movement product: Related to outcome or achievement of the goal of movement.
Information processing takes time to perceive, decide, and organize responses It can be as fast as 150 to 200 ms and sometimes it can be as long as a second or more.
Building taxonomy
What is Taxonomy?
A system for classifying things. In Gentile’s (2000) Taxonomy, she classified motor skills according to type of movement and constraints of the environment
Bloom's taxonomy
Create (Produce new original work), evaluate (Justify a standard decision), Analyze (Draw connections among ideas), Apply (Use information or in new Situation), Understand (Explain ideas or concepts), Remember (Recall facts and basic concepts)
Bloom theorizes about the hierarchy of learning. Lowest level of learning is just remembering and then, as one moves up bloom's taxonomy you can see how each succeeding level describes a deeper level of learning.
In 1957, Poulton conceptualized a discrete Motor skills categories based upon their predictability in Environment (opened and closed skills)
An open skill, according to Poulton - happens in an unpredictable environment where factors change. The performer can only anticipate these factors once the object (like a ball) is in motion. Performed in a changing and unpredictable environment. The person must react and adjust.
A closed skill, according to Poulton - happens in a predictable environment where conditions stay the same, and the performer knows what to expect before starting. Performed in a stable and predictable environment. The movement is the same each time.
Knapp (1968) - viewed open and close skills on a continuum. His continuum of skill might move from open to close or vice versa, depending on the level of expertise of a performer and also depending on environmental condition.
Gentile’s taxonomy - The final analysis
Unorthodox styles: watch video
Important questions to ask:
Are the relevant factors in the environment stationary or moving?
Does the movement pattern change from trial to child due to changes in the environment or changes in the position of the performer?
Is the body stable or moving?
Is the body manipulating an external object?
Example: Putting in golf Stationary is present, LTM is also present under stability
Example: rock climbing Body stationary present, Yes LTM, Yes LTM under transport
Discrete skills
Defined as those with identifiable, beginning and ending. Example: kicking, throwing, striking.
Continuous skills
Defined as those with no identifiable beginning and ending. Example: running, skipping, cycling, swimming
Serial skills
Defined a series of discrete skills connected together. Example: receiving a volleyball with a bump, and then going up for a spike, or catching a baseball and throwing to first base.
The rest of the slides watch the Gentiles final analysis video for learning more about movements, stationary, moving, stability, transport, LTM/no LTM, present/absent, etc.
Review, let’s consider perception PowerPoint
Let’s consider perception .pptx
Perception detection
Perception:
Perception is responsible for three things: detection, recognition, judgment (comparison)
Factors affecting perception:
Stimulus quality (Clarity and intensity), Individual preparedness (Individual differences between and within), Meaningfulness, complexity, variation, uncertainty, intensity, arousal
Signal Detection: the strength to correctly decide on whether a signal is in environment or when to choose a response. It measures whether an individual recognizes, Mrs., false reacts, or correctly rejects a response to onset of stimulus.
See diagrams in this ppt slide
Detection of Motor behavior:
Uncertainty: Speed, noise, poor quality, ambiguity, lack of experience, positive/negative expectations
Arousal (System activation): In a low activation, system information is lost. In a high activation system too much noise is present and information is lost
What is the perceptual process?
Model of information processing:
Input —> Response selection —> Response programming —> Output
Perception is a cognitive process, responsible for identifying stimuli that come in many forms and many factors affect what and how we engage in stimuli. Past experience and expectation perception
Reaction time: Measure of central processing which measures how long it takes, the brain to recognize that a stimulus has occurred (Perception), match it with memory processes to produce movement, make decision decisions, and organized output
Reaction time equals 160 to 190 ms
After the signal sounds, and before the swimmer begins to move is a time delay called reaction time
The measure of input and central processes/ until the beginning of visible/obvious movement
Types of reaction time: Simple (involves one stimulus and one response to it), choice (Involves two or more stimuli with a response tied to each stimulus), discrimination (Involves multiple stimuli with only one real stimulus for a response)
Factors that affect stimulus identification:
Stimulus clarity - Sharpness, focus
Stimulus intensity - Brightness, loudness
Peripheral vision
Inverted-Hypothesis
See diagram for reference
The top of the inverted is known as optimal level
What effects that inverted U-Hypothesis
Enter an intro, individual differences, meaningfulness, complexity, variation, uncertainty, intensity
Perception is responsible for:
Detection, comparison, recognition
Perception is shaped by our past experiences and the current conditions
Introduction to decision-making - decision making and motor behavior
What is the decision process?
Performers develop a plan/strategy for the movement
The performer translates perception to action by choosing a response
What does reaction time measure?
Effort, flow of information, processing of information by the brain
Reaction time can be fractionated
Total reaction time = pre-motor RT + motor RT
Motor reaction time is measure of time it takes the muscle to move the bony lever
Total reaction time is the gross measure of reaction time, including central processing and the time to move the body
Observe the rest on the pptx slide last slide on batting and reaction time
The term 'motor learning' refers to the study of how humans, animals, and machines learn and perform motor skills. It encompasses different aspects of behavior such as motor control, which involves the organization of motor patterns, and dynamic systems that explain the interactions affecting behavior. Key components of motor learning include:
Information Processing: Involves the steps from input (sensory stimuli) to central processing (perception, decision-making) and output (the movement).
Types of Skills: Discrete (identifiable beginning and end), continuous (no distinct beginning or end), and serial skills (a sequence of discrete skills).
Taxonomy of Skills: Skills can be classified based on environmental predictability (open vs closed skills), with Gentile's taxonomy providing criteria for categorization.
Perception: Essential for detection, recognition, and judgment, influenced by factors like clarity, intensity, and individual differences in preparedness.
Decision-Making: The process of developing a plan for action based on perceptual input, which includes analyzing stimuli and selecting appropriate responses.