Untitled Flashcards Set

Acquisition – develop conditioned response by associating conditioned with unconditioned stimulus

Bobo Doll Study – study Albert Bandura; children learn social behavior w/ observation/imitation

Chaining – behavioral technique; link together a series of behaviors to form a complex behavior

Classical Conditioning – learning process; neutral stimulus associated w/ meaningful stimulus so conditioned response

Cognitive Map – mental representation of physical locations based on experiences

Conditioned Response – learned response to before neutral stimulus that associated w/ unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus – before neutral stimulus after paired w/ unconditioned stimulus causes conditioned response

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement – schedule; every time desired behavior reinforced

Extinction – loss of conditioned response when the reinforcement no longer shown

Fixed-Interval Schedule – schedule; reinforcement provided after fixed amount of time

Fixed-Ratio Schedule – schedule; provides reinforcement after specific number of responses

Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement Schedule – schedule; reinforces behavior some of the time

Latent Learning – learning happens but is not evident until incentive to show it

Modeling – process of observing and imitating specific behaviors

Negative Punishment – removal of stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Negative Reinforcement – removal of stimulus to increase behavior

Neutral Stimulus – stimulus initially has no response, but can become conditioned stimulus

Operant Conditioning – learning process; behavior strength change w/ reinforcement/punishment

Positive Punishment – aversive stimulus to decrease the behavior

Positive Reinforcement – addition of a reward stimulus to increase behavior

Primary Reinforcer – reinforcing stimulus like food or water

Punishment – consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Reinforcement – consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior

Secondary Reinforcer – stimulus has reinforcing power through association w/ primary reinforcer

Shaping – process in operant conditioning; approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced

Skinner Box (Operant Conditioning Chamber) – controlled environment study operant conditioning w/ animals

Social Learning Theory – people learn from others, w/ observation, imitation, modeling

Spontaneous Recovery – conditioned response comes back when unconditioned stimulus shown

Stimulus Discrimination – ability to respond only to conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Generalization – respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Token Economy – system of behavior modification based on target behaviors

Unconditioned Response – response occurs naturally in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus – stimulus naturally/automatically triggers a response

Variable-Interval Schedule – schedule; reinforcement given after unknowable amount of time

Variable-Ratio Schedule – schedule; reinforcement after unpredictable number of responses

Vicarious Conditioning (Observational Learning) – learning by observing others’ experiences

Aversive Conditioning – behavior modification; undesirable behavior w/ aversive stimulus

Avoidance Learning – organism learns to prevent unpleasant stimulus by taking specific action

Backward Conditioning – unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus

Counterconditioning – behavior therapy; classical conditioning for new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

Escape Conditioning – negative reinforcement; learning to escape from an aversive stimulus

Habituation – decrease in response to a stimulus after repetition

Higher Order Conditioning (Secondary) – previously neutral stimulus w/ conditioned stimulus

Instinctive Drift – tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with/ conditioned response

Law of Effect – behaviors w/ favorable consequences more likely; behaviors w/ unfavorable consequences less likely

Mirror Neuron – brain cell fires when person acts and when person observes same action by other

Overjustification Effect – decrease in intrinsic motivation for an activity when reward introduced

Puzzle Box – Edward Thorndike; study problem solving behavior in animals

Taste Aversion – learned avoidance of a particular food or drink due to experience

Accommodation – changing understanding/schema in response to new info

Animism – belief objects, places, creatures possess distinct spiritual essence

Assimilation – fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas

Attachment – emotional bond between child and caregiver

Authoritarian Parenting Style – high demands and low responsiveness

Authoritative Parenting Style – high demands and high responsiveness

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – stage in psychosocial development; learns personal control

Concrete Operational Stage – Piaget 3rd stage cognitive development; children gain better understanding of mental operations

Conservation – understanding quantity doesn't change when its shape does

Contact Comfort – comfort from physical touch, attachment theory

Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning – moral development; moral reasoning on society norms

Critical Period – development time when organism susceptible to certain experiences

Discontinuity – development in abrupt changes, not gradual

Dizygotic Twins – fraternal twins, fertilization of two eggs

Egocentrism – developmental psychology, inability to discern own perspective and another’s

Embryonic Stage – second stage of prenatal development, 2nd to the 8th week

Fetal Stage – final stage of prenatal development, beginning at week 9, organism is a fetus

Formal Operational Stage – Piaget final stage cognitive development, ability to think abstractly

Generativity vs. Stagnation – stage in psychosocial development; individuals feel a need to contribute to the next generation; mid life

Germinal Stage (Zygotic) – first stage prenatal development, conception to end of second week

Identity vs. Role Confusion – stage in psychosocial development; explore independence/develop sense of self

Imprinting – certain animals form attachments during a critical period after birth

Industry vs. Inferiority – stage in psychosocial development; learn to master new skills, crucial for self-esteem and to not feel inferior later

Initiative vs. Guilt – psychosocial stage; children assert often w/ directed play/ social interaction

Integrity vs. Despair – stage in psychosocial development; reflect on life, feel fulfillment/regret

Intimacy vs. Isolation – stage; adults form intimate relationships with others or feel isolated

Maturation – development process; matures physically, mentally, emotionally

Monozygotic Twin – identical twins, from a single fertilized egg that splits into two

Moro Reflex – infant's startle reflex, throw out limbs due to a sudden loss of support

Nature vs. Nurture – debate over genetics or environment more significant in development

Object Permanence – objects continue to exist even when not seen

Permissive Parenting Style – low demands and high responsiveness

Postconventional Level of Moral Reasoning – stage moral development; moral reasoning based on individual principles and conscience

Preconventional Level of Moral Reasoning – stage in moral development; moral reasoning based on external consequences

Preoperational Stage – Piaget second stage cognitive development, begin use language/think symbolic

Primary Sex Characteristic – reproductive organs and genitalia directly involved in reproduction

Psychosocial Development – personality development/social relationships throughout lifespan

Reversibility – understanding that actions can be reversed to return to an original state

Rooting Reflex – automatic response in infants; turn head toward anything touches their cheek

Secondary Sex Characteristic – puberty features not directly related to reproduction

Secure Attachment – stable/positive emotional bond between caregiver and child

Sensorimotor Stage – Piaget 1st stage cognitive development, learn world through senses/actions

Strange Situation Test – Mary Ainsworth; observe attachment relation between caregiver/child

Temperament – innate trait influence how one thinks, behaves, reacts w/ environment

Teratogen – any substance that causes abnormal development in a fetus

Trust vs. Mistrust – 1st stage psychosocial development; learn whether to trust their caregivers

Anxious-Avoidant Attachment – attachment style by avoidance of emotional connection

Babinski Reflex – reflexive response; toes fan out when foot touched

Gender Identity – conception of oneself as male, female, a blend of both, or neither

Gender Schema Theory – children learn about gender roles through social interactions

Gender Typing – process of acquiring gender role characteristics

Imaginary Audience – belief that one is focus of everyone’s attention, often by adolescents

Menarche – first occurrence of menstruation in female adolescents

Scaffolding – teaching method; support students learning, gradually removing it as they get better

Theory of Mind – to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, perspectives that are different

Zone of Proximal Development – difference between learner achieves w/out help and w/ help