EXPLANATIONS
The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and human rights.
Enlightenment ideas were a change from previous philosophies/mindsets because they challenged traditional authority and promoted individual liberty.
Factors that facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideals included increased literacy, printing press, salons, and coffeehouses.
Natural rights are rights inherent to all human beings, such as the rights to life, liberty, and property.
The social contract is an agreement between individuals and their government, where individuals give up some freedoms in exchange for protection of their rights.
Nationalism is a sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation. It played an important role in the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries by uniting people against foreign rule and inspiring them to fight for independence.
The Enlightenment led to social changes during the 1750-1900 time period by promoting ideas of equality, individual rights, and democracy.
The origins of feminism in this time period can be traced to Enlightenment thinkers who challenged traditional gender roles and advocated for women's rights.
Suffrage is the right to vote.
Goals of 18th and 19th century feminist movements: equal rights, access to education, property rights, and suffrage. Outcomes: some progress in education and property rights, but limited suffrage.
Causes of American Revolution: British policies, taxation without representation, Enlightenment ideas.
Effects of American Revolution: Independence, creation of a democratic republic, inspiration for other revolutions.
Causes of French Revolution: Social inequality, economic problems, Enlightenment ideas.
Effects of French Revolution: End of monarchy, rise of Napoleon, spread of revolutionary ideas.
Causes of Haitian Revolution: Slavery, social inequality, French Revolution.
Effects of Haitian Revolution: Independence, end of slavery, establishment of a Black republic.
Causes of Latin American Revolutions: Colonial rule, social inequality, Enlightenment ideas.
Effects of Latin American Revolution: Independence, political instability, economic problems.
19th century imperialism: domination of one country over another through political, economic, or cultural means. Effect on revolutions: resistance to imperial rule.
Enlightenment documents that influenced resistance to existing political authority: Declaration of Independence, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Unification of Germany: Organized by Otto von Bismarck through a series of wars and political maneuvering.
Ottomanism: An ideology that promoted loyalty to the Ottoman state regardless of ethnicity or religion. Influence: led to centralization and modernization efforts, but also ethnic tensions.
Environmental factors that contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution around 1750: Access to coal, iron, and water resources.
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because of its access to resources, stable government, and entrepreneurial culture.
The factory system was different from the previously used cottage industries: involved mass production, division of labor, and centralized workplaces.
Specialization of labor increased industrial production by breaking down complex tasks into simpler, repetitive ones.
Areas outside of Europe that adopted industrial production: United States, Japan, Russia.
The increase in industrial production in Europe led to a decline of manufacturing in other regions: by outcompeting local industries and creating a demand for raw materials.
The steam engine transformed production and transportation: by providing a new source of power for factories, trains, and ships.
The "second industrial revolution" was different from the first: involved new technologies such as steel, electricity, and chemicals.
Specific technologies led to an increase in trade and migration: steamships, railroads, telegraph.
State-sponsored industrialization: government-led efforts to promote industrial development.
States that utilized state-sponsored (defensive) industrialization: Russia, Japan, Egypt.
State(s) most successful in state-sponsored industrialization: Japan.
The Meiji Era (Meiji Restoration) in Japan: a period of modernization and westernization led by Emperor Meiji.
Muhammad Ali's vision for post-colonial Egypt: to modernize and industrialize the country. (Compare his goals to those of Gamal Abdel Nasser in the 20th century).
Adam Smith: A Scottish economist who advocated for free market capitalism.
Laissez-faire / free market capitalism: an economic system in which prices and wages are determined by supply and demand, without government intervention.
Industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for others: by creating new goods and services, increasing employment, and lowering prices.
It also led to a decrease in standards of living for others: by creating pollution, unsafe working conditions, and income inequality.
Capitalism is different from mercantilism: because it emphasizes free trade and competition, while mercantilism emphasizes government control and protectionism.
A labor union: an organization of workers that advocates for their rights and interests. Factors led to the development of labor unions: poor working conditions, low wages, and long hours.
Changes occurred due to the involvement of labor unions and worker protests: improved wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.
Karl Marx: A German philosopher and economist who developed the theory of communism.
Communism: a political and economic system in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.
Socialism: a political and economic system in which the means of production are owned or regulated by the government.
Industrialization led to the growing popularity of communism: by creating a large working class that was exploited by capitalists.
The Ottoman Empire attempted to modernize: through a series of reforms known as the Tanzimat.
Who opposed Ottoman modernization? Conservative elites, religious leaders. Obstacles they faced: resistance to change, lack of resources, and foreign interference.
Qing China attempted to modernize: through the Self-Strengthening Movement.
Who opposed Chinese modernization? Conservative elites, the Empress Dowager Cixi. Obstacles they faced: resistance to change, lack of resources, and foreign interference.
Industrialization led to changes in existing social hierarchies: the rise of a new middle class and a decline in the power of the aristocracy.
Industrialization led to changes in standards of living: increased access