HIST 101 Midterm

1. Influential People – Martin Luther, Zheng He, Queen Nzinga, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Isaac Newton, Columbus.
2. World System – Global trade linking Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
3. Timbuktu – Trade and learning city in Mali, Africa.
4. Hongwu/Yongle – Ming emperors who rebuilt China and sent Zheng He to explore.
5. St. Peter’s Basilica – Big church in Rome, symbol of Catholic power.
6. Queen Nzinga – African queen who fought Portuguese slavery.
7. Ming Dynasty – Chinese dynasty (1368–1644) known for trade and strong rule.
8. Martin Luther – Started the Protestant Reformation.
9. Manioc – Root crop from South America grown in Africa.
10. Scholar-Bureaucrats – Educated officials who ran China’s government.

11. Protestant Reformation – Break from the Catholic Church started by Martin Luther.
12. Middle Passage – Sea route carrying enslaved Africans to the Americas.
13. Eunuch – Castrated male servant in Chinese royal court.
14. Council of Trent – Catholic meeting to fix church problems.
15. Diaspora – Scattering of people from their homeland (like Africans in slavery).
16. Zheng He – Chinese sailor who led huge ocean voyages.
17. Printing Press – Machine that spread books and ideas fast.
18. Three Unifiers – Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu — united Japan.
19. Guanche – Natives of the Canary Islands wiped out by Spain.
20. Malleus Maleficarum – “Witch-hunting” book used to justify witch trials.

21. Sengoku – Japan’s “Warring States” period before unification.
22. Gold, God, Glory – Reasons for European exploration: money, faith, fame.
23. Baroque – Fancy art and architecture showing church power.
24. Sakoku – Japan’s isolation policy — no foreign trade.
25. Encomienda – Spanish system forcing Natives to work for colonists.
26. Genocide – Killing of an entire group of people.
27. Mimizuka – “Ear mound” memorial from Japan’s war with Korea.
28. Lapu-Lapu – Filipino hero who killed Magellan.
29. Racism – Belief that one race is better than others.
30. Romanticism – Art style focused on emotion and nature.

31. Joint-Stock Company – Business with shared investors and profits.
32. Nahuatl – Language spoken by the Aztecs.
33. Enlightenment – Movement promoting reason, science, and freedom.
34. Columbian Exchange – Swap of plants, animals, and diseases between worlds.
35. Tenochtitlan – Aztec capital city, now Mexico City.
36. “Chat and Cut” – Modern joke term about skipping in line while chatting.
37. Potato, Tomato, Chili – Crops from Americas that changed global diets.
38. Human Sacrifice – Offering people to gods, common in Aztec religion.
39. Popular Sovereignty – Idea that power comes from the people.
40. The Big Five – Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands — main colonial powers.

41. Chinampas – “Floating gardens” used by Aztecs for farming.
42. Ahutoru and Omai – Pacific islanders who traveled to Europe.
43. Smallpox – Deadly disease brought by Europeans to the Americas.
44. Songhay Empire – West African empire known for trade and learning.
45. Noble Savage – Idea that people in nature are pure and uncorrupted.