history with ph

Historical Map of Clinical Psychology Development

Early Pioneers and Foundations (18th - 19th Century)

Clinical psychology traces its roots to the humanitarian reform movement in mental health care:

• William Tuke (1732–1822): Established the York Retreat in England, advocating for compassionate treatment for the mentally ill.

• Philippe Pinel (1745–1826): A French physician who reformed mental asylums by removing chains from patients and promoting humane treatment.

• Eli Todd (1769–1833): Opened "The Retreat" in Connecticut, USA, focusing on humane treatment for the mentally ill.

• Dorothea Dix (1802–1887): An American activist who campaigned for better conditions for the mentally ill, leading to the creation of over 30 institutions in the U.S.

Emergence of Clinical Psychology (Late 19th Century)

• Lightner Witmer (1867–1956): Considered the "father of clinical psychology," Witmer opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896 and coined the term "clinical psychology" in 1907. His focus on child guidance and developmental clients marked the shift of psychology from an academic discipline to an applied field.

Development of Diagnostic Systems and Assessment Tools (Early 20th Century)

• Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926): Developed early classification systems differentiating between neurosis and psychosis, laying the groundwork for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), first published in 1952.

• Alfred Binet (1857–1911): Created the first intelligence test in 1905, which was later adapted by Lewis Terman as the Stanford-Binet.

• David Wechsler: Developed the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test in 1939 for adults, with subsequent versions for children and preschoolers.

Evolution of Psychotherapy and Professional Development (Mid-20th Century)

• After World War II, psychotherapy became a central activity for clinical psychologists. Initially rooted in psychodynamic approaches, it later expanded to include behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive therapies.

• The profession grew rapidly with the establishment of training models, ethical guidelines, and an expansion of roles within healthcare settings.

Establishment of Training Models (Mid to Late 20th Century)

• 1949: The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model introduced, emphasizing a balance between research and clinical practice.

• 1973: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model introduced, focusing more on clinical practice skills.

• 1991: Richard McFall's "Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology" led to the Clinical Scientist Model, emphasizing empirical research and evidence-based practices.

Evolution in the United States

• 1935: The American Psychological Association (APA) defined clinical psychology as the application of psychological principles to individual human adjustment problems, with a focus on measurement, analysis, and observation.

Development in the Philippines

• the Precolonial Period: 

  • The Manunggul jar, 890-710 BC, is a reminder that prehistoric Filipinos already knows the concept of death and how it is tied with their maritime and animistic beliefs. 

  • Pintados (“painted people”) or batek(“spotted”), or indigenous tattooing, was seen as a way of protection from illness, protection from evil, establishment of kin relations,a social rite of passage as one matures into adulthood and a sign of military prowess or bravery 

• Spanish Period: Early psychotherapy practices were performed by indigenous healers like babaylan-catalonan. The Hospicio de San Jose was repurposed as a mental asylum in 1810.

  • Dr. Jose P. Rizal, considered the first Filipino psychiatrist with his research entitled, La Curacion de los Hechizados: Apuntes hechos para el studio de la Medicina Filipina (The Treatment of the Bewitched: Notes Made for the Study of Philippine Medicine) published in 1921 Elaborated the presence of psychopathology thru his literary character Sisa in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

• American Period: The National Mental Hospital (now the National Center for Mental Health) was established in 1928, with Dr. Elias Domingo becoming the first Filipino trained in psychiatry.

  • Isane Department of San Lazaro Hospital in 1904 headed by the first Filipino trained in psychiatry, Dr. Elias Domingao The City Sanitarium in San Juan del Monte (later transferred in San Pedro, Makati) in 1918 

  • Insular or National Psychopathic Hospital, also renamed as National Mental Hospital(now known as the National Center for Mental Health), was established in Mandaluyong in 1928

• Modern History: Significant contributors include:

  • Sinforoso Padilla: Established the first psychological clinic in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines in 1932.

  • Jesus Perpinan, with a Ph.D. in psychology from Iowa State University in 1933. He chaired the Department of Psychology of Far Eastern University and set up its psychological clinic.

  • Estefania Aldaba-Lim: Established the psychology program at the Philippine Women’s University in 1948.

  • Fr. Jaime F. Bulatao, S.J.: Founded the Psychology Department at Ateneo de Manila University in 1961.written phenomena and their interpretation in 1980 ateneo de manila university. 

  • Alfredo V. Lagmay, with a Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University in 1955. He worked with B. F. Skinner and upon his return from the country, practiced and researched using behavioral modification, relaxation and related states, and hypnosis at the University of the Philippines. He constructed the Philippine Thematic Apperception Test (PTAT) and Philippine Children’s Apperception Test (PCAT). He also advocated for the indigenization of psychology in the country.

  • Fr. Joseph Goertz, SVD, established the third oldest department of Psychology in the country following UP and UST at the University of SanCarlos.

  • Dr. Ma lourdes Carandang written the filipino psychology under stress on 1985 ateneo de manila university. currently seated at the congress that required a clinical psychologist in the philippines.

  • Dr. lourdes a. lapus a study of psychopathology in 1980 universidad ng pilipinas 

  • Fr. jaime s. bulatao Sylvia claudio estrada clinical psychologi invited to make changes in the policy by the congress in 2016 

Professionalization and Institutionalization in the Philippines

• The Philippine Psychology Act of 2009 (RA 10029) and the Mental Health Act of 2018 (RA 11036) formally recognized the role of psychologists in mental health services.

Key Takeaways

• Clinical psychology evolved through different models and practices, adapting to the needs of diverse populations and expanding its scope to include various specialties like forensic psychology, neuropsychology, and pediatric psychology.

• The field's development in the Philippines is marked by colonial influences, local advancements, and significant contributions from pioneering Filipino psychologists, resulting in a strong professional community today.

Timeline Summary

• 1796-1887: Early humanitarian reforms by Tuke, Pinel, Todd, and Dix.

• 1896-1907: Establishment of the first psychological clinic by Witmer and coining of "clinical psychology."

• Early 1900s: Development of diagnostic systems (Kraepelin), intelligence tests (Binet, Wechsler), and personality assessments.

• 1949-1973: Establishment of training models (Boulder, Vail).

• 1980-1991: Standardization of DSM-III; Clinical Scientist Model introduced.

• 2009-2018: Professionalization in the Philippines with RA 10029 and RA 11036.