Political, economical, social and military modernizations
18
China’s Historical Modernization
Two ways to achieve Modernization
Revolution
Reform
Phases of modernization
Implements and Techniques
Institutional reform
Intellectual reform
Modernization: Implements and Techniques
Solid ships and effective guns
“Learn the Superior techniques of the barbarians in order to control the barbarians”
“Chinese learning for the foundation, western learning for application”
Self-Strengthening Movement
Modernization: Institutions/Systems
Modern Governance
Modern Citizens
Constitutional Monarchy? Republicanism?
Late-Qing Movement
Modernization: Intellectual Reform
Thoughts
Attitudes
Characters
May Fourth Movement
Late Qing: Administrative Reform
Creation of new offices
Reduction of redundant personnel
China's first ever election
Late Qing: Educational Reform
Eight-legged essay was replaced
Civil Service Examination was abolished
Select students to study abroad
Early Republican Era
Yuan Shikai
Sun Yixian and Huang Xing 黃興
Peaceful and legal means to capture power
The founding of Guomindang (KMT) 國民黨 to capture power in Parliament
The national election of Dec 1912 – Jan 1913
Achievement of Guomindang:
(i) Lower House: 269/596
(ii) Upper House: 123/274
Song Jiaoren was elected to be Premier
Yuan Shikai
The assassination of Song Jiaoren in Shanghai (20 March 1913)
The £25 million Reorganisation Loans 善後大借貸 from banks of Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and Russia (April 1913) to finance his army without parliamentary discussion
Dismissal of 3 GMD military governors and suppression of Sun’s ‘Second Revolution’
Yuan Shikai
The Secondary Revolution
Revolutionary Party of KMT outlawed
Parliament and local assemblies dissolved
Yuan’s Constitutional Compact
Monarchical dream
Warlords
Characteristics of a typical ‘warlord’
(i) Self-interest and unprincipled in behaviour
(ii) Commanding a personal army and answering to no national authority
(iii) Controlling or seeking to control territories (control finance, resources and manpower)
Warlords
Politics: 1300 warlords; 140 battles; Political Disintegration and military Conflicts
Society: Militarization of Society
Republic existed in name only
Famine
May Fourth Movement
The May Fourth Incident (Early May – Late July 1919)
The First World War (1914 – 18) and the Shandong issue
Student demonstrations, strikes and boycott of Japanese goods (4 May – 4 June)
The May Fourth Incident (4 May): demonstrations against Japan’s privileges in Shandong
General student strike (19 May)
Arrest of about 1000 students by Beijing government (3 June)
Student strike over, Cai Yuan Pei reinstated
Hu Shi on the May Fourth Movement
The ‘literary revolution’ 文學革命
Intellectual transformation
Use of the vernacular 白話
Realism in Chinese literature
New Culture Movement
Appearance of new poetry, dramas, short stories and essays
‘New thought tide’ 新思潮 and total attack on tradition
Looking to the West for inspirations: utilitarianism, evolution, empiricism, socialism, anarchism, science 賽因斯 and democracy 德莫克拉西
Hu Shi 胡適: ‘Down with Confucius and Sons’ 打倒孔家店
The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party
The Founding of CCP
April 1919: the Paris Peace Settlement favoured Japan (the right to administer Shandong was transferred from Germany to Japan)
Soviet gestures in 1920
The Karakhan Declaration 加拉罕對華宣言 (March 1920): to give up all rights and privileges in China
Comintern agent helped organise the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
The Founding of CCP
The 1st Congress of CCP 中國共產黨第一次全國代表大會 in Shanghai (July 1921)
Chen Duxiu elected as the Secretary of the CCP’s Central Bureau
Sun Yat Sen and the CCP
The Comintern
Comintern agents S. A. Dalin 達林 and Adolf Joffe 越飛 (1922): successful
The ‘Sun-Joffe Joint Manifesto’ 孫文越飛宣言 (Jan 1923):
‘Alliance with the Soviets’ 聯俄
‘Admission of the Communists’ 容共: The First United Front 第一次國共合作
Neither the GMD and the CCP was enthusiastic about an alliance
The Northern Expedition
Launched in 1926
Chiang’s troop marched to Beijing with the help of Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan
Zhang Zuolin was killed when he was fleeing to Manchuria
His son, Zhang Xueliang pledge allegiance to KMT, symbolizing the end of North Expedition
Rural Revolution vs Urban Revolution
Urban Revolution vs. Rural Revolution
CCP instructed by Comintern to stage Urban Revolution
The first Chinese soviet 蘇維埃 (governing area) as a revolutionary base.
Zhu De 朱德, Chen Yi 陳毅, the birth of the Fourth Red Army 紅四軍
The rise of other revolutionary bases
Mao insisted Rural Revolution
Mao’s theory and strategy of rural revolution
Seizure of state power by armed force
Encircling the cities from the countryside
The importance of a revolutionary party and a people's army
Party commands the gun
Long March
Ningdo Conference: Mao under heavy criticism
The Long March 長征 (Oct 1934) to Yan’an 延安, Shaanxi (Oct 1936)
The Zunyi Conference 遵義會議 (6-8 Jan 1935) and the ascendancy of Mao Zedong
Japan’s Military Invasion
Decline of military strength
Peasant discontent: KMT only relied on the support of elites
Inflation
Expansion of Communist power
Victory over Japan (1945) and the Civil War
Opportunity to advance along the modernization path
Relaxed international environment
Factors conducive to modernization
Rising tide of nationalism
Mass participation
Victory over Japan (1945) and the Civil War
Nationalist offensive and Communist retreat (Jul 1946 – Jun 1947)
Communist counter-offensive and Nationalist defeat (Jul 1947 – Oct 1949)
Battle of Manchuria 遼瀋戰役
Battle of Huai-Hai 淮海戰役
Battle of North China 平津戰役
Communists across the Yangzi
PRC established 1 Oct 1949
PRC's New Democracy (1949-53)
Private Ownership
Coalition Government with other Democratic Parties
Democratic Dictatorship
CPPCC
Common Programme
CCP in Urban Areas during New Democracy
Three Antis Movement, against:
Corruption
Waste
Bureaucratism
Five Antis Movement, against
Bribery
Tax evasion
Theft of state property
Cheating on government contracts
Stealing of economic information
CCP in Rural Areas during New Democracy
Land Reform
Liberation of rural production
Make way for industrialization
Transition to Socialism
National Peoples’ Congress replacing CPPCC as the supreme organ of power
Constitution of the People’s Republic of China
Five-Year Plan
Soviet-mode Factory Management
Scientific and Technical Education
Central Planning
Heavy Industry > Light Industry > Agriculture
Anti-rightist Movement
Let A Hundred Flowers Bloom
They criticized one-party rule
The situation went beyond tolerable level
On 8 June 1957, editorial in People’s Daily stopped Hundred Flowers Campaign
550,000 designated as Rightists
Great Leap Forward
Simultaneous Development of
Agricultural sectors and Industrial sectors
Heavy and Light Industries
Big Enterprises and SME
Central Industry and Local Gov-supported Industry
Native technology and Foreign technology
Great Leap Forward
Nationwide Iron and Steel Production Campaign
Massive water conservancy
Enormous Waste and Loss
China’s ecosystem destroyed
15-20 million people starved to death
GLF and Readjustment
Mao retreated to second line
Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun took charge
Mao vs Liu
Mao’s counter-attack and the Cultural Revolution
Comments on the New Historical Opera Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
Jiang Qing
Central Cultural Revolution Group (CCRG) created
Gang of Four and Red Guards
Mao's counter-attack and the Cultural Revolution
Seize Power Movement
Tan Zhenlin
Maoist Cult
Lin Biao and his coup d'etat
Mao’s counter-attack and the Cultural Revolution
Jiang vs Zhou
Four Modernizations
Zhou died in Jan 1976
Hua Guofeng
“With you in charge, I am at ease”
Mao’s counter-attack and the Cultural Revolution
Mao died in Sep 1976
Gang of Four arrested
Cultural Revolution came to the end.
Open Door Policy
Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers"
Start of Deng Era
Open Door Policy
Class struggle credo repudiated
Mass Movements no longer used
Professionals entrusted
Pragmatism
Economic liberty, not Political Liberty
Open Door Policy
Rural Reform
Special Economic Zones
Shenzhen
Zhuhai
Xiamen
Shantou
Open Door Policy and Upholding CCP's Legitimacy
Four Cardinal Principles
Socialist Path
Proletarian Dictatorship
CCP leadership
Marxism-Leninism-Maoism
Resolution on History: 1979
Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China