Period 4: 1800-1848- Please read 7 in American Yawp

Election of 1800: Known as the "Revolution of 1800," it marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the U.S. from the Federalists (John Adams) to the Democratic-Republicans (Thomas Jefferson).

Notes on the State of Virginia (1784): A book by Thomas Jefferson discussing various aspects of Virginia, covering geography, society, and government. It’s notable for Jefferson's ideas on race and his critiques of slavery.

Polygenesis: A theory suggesting that different races originated separately, historically used to justify racial hierarchy and inequality. It was influential in early scientific racism.

Marbury v. Madison (1803): A landmark Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to strike down laws deemed unconstitutional.

Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion (1800): An attempted slave rebellion led by Gabriel Prosser in Virginia. It was suppressed before it began, but it heightened fear of slave uprisings in the South.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): A successful slave revolt in Saint-Domingue, leading to Haiti's independence from France. It inspired enslaved people elsewhere but also led to stricter slave laws in the U.S.

David Walker’s Appeal (1829): An anti-slavery pamphlet by David Walker, a free Black man, urging enslaved people to resist slavery and calling for an end to racial discrimination.

Military reductions under Jefferson: Jefferson cut the size of the army and navy to reduce government spending, believing a smaller military would prevent unnecessary wars.

Louisiana Purchase (1803): The acquisition of French territory by the U.S. that doubled its size. Jefferson bought the land despite constitutional questions over his authority to do so.

Embargo Act (1807): An act under Jefferson banning American trade with foreign nations, intended to pressure Britain and France but ended up harming the U.S. economy.

Tecumseh: A Shawnee leader who, along with his brother Tenskwatawa, sought to unite Native tribes against U.S. expansion.

Tenskwatawa: Known as "The Prophet," he encouraged Native spiritual revival and resistance to European influence alongside Tecumseh.

“Play-off” system: A strategy where Native American tribes allied with either Britain or the U.S. to try to leverage support and resist displacement.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): A battle between U.S. forces, led by Governor William Henry Harrison, and Native warriors associated with Tecumseh’s confederation. It increased tensions leading to the War of 1812.

Impressment: The British practice of forcing American sailors into the British navy, one of the causes of the War of 1812.

War Hawks: Members of Congress, such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who advocated for war with Britain in 1812 to defend U.S. honor and expand territory.

War of 1812: A war between the U.S. and Britain, prompted by British restrictions on U.S. trade, impressment, and Native alliances with Britain.

Invasion of Canada (1812): The U.S. attempted to invade Canada, expecting an easy victory, but the campaign largely failed and reinforced Canadian loyalty to Britain.

Burning of Washington (1814): British forces captured Washington D.C. and set fire to several buildings, including the White House, during the War of 1812.

Republican Motherhood: The idea that women’s primary role was to raise virtuous, patriotic children, reinforcing their role in shaping American values.

Battle of New Orleans (1815): A significant U.S. victory against the British led by Andrew Jackson, fought after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed to end the War of 1812.

Hartford Convention (1814-1815): A meeting of Federalists to discuss opposition to the War of 1812 and proposed amendments. It hurt the Federalist Party’s reputation.

Henry Clay: A leading War Hawk and advocate for the “American System” aimed at economic modernization and national improvement through tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure projects.

John C. Calhoun: A War Hawk and influential statesman who supported states' rights and played a major role in early 19th-century politics.

American System: Henry Clay’s plan for national economic development, emphasizing protective tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure improvements.

Monroe Doctrine (1823): A U.S. policy declaring opposition to European colonization in the Americas, asserting U.S. influence over the Western Hemisphere.

Big Ideas/Questions:

1. What effects did the Haitian Revolution have on the people of the US? How did the Haitian revolution contribute to the Louisiana Purchase?

The Haitian Revolution sparked fear of slave revolts in the U.S. and led to France selling Louisiana to fund its European wars.

2. How did Jefferson stray from his original beliefs? 

Jefferson contradicted his small-government ideals by expanding federal power with the Louisiana Purchase.

3. What was the intent of the Embargo of 1807? Was it successful? 

The Embargo of 1807 aimed to force Britain and France to respect U.S. neutrality but ultimately hurt the U.S. economy.

4. Where did Tecumseh launch his Pan-Indian movement? What were his goals?

Tecumseh launched his Pan-Indian movement in the Ohio Valley to unite tribes against U.S. expansion.

5. What were the causes and effects of the war of 1812?

The War of 1812 was caused by British impressment of American sailors and Native alliances, resulting in heightened nationalism and weakened Native resistance.

6. What reasons did the war hawks give for going to war with Britain in 1812?

War Hawks wanted to defend American honor, stop British impressment, and expand territory, particularly into Canada.

7. What purpose did the Hartford Convention serve? Was it successful?

The Hartford Convention aimed to express New England’s grievances about the war, but it failed and hurt the Federalist Party’s reputation.

8. How was the Hartford Convention similar to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?

Like the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, the Hartford Convention emphasized states' rights and opposition to perceived federal overreach.

9. Describe the American System- what did it entail? 

The American System proposed tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements to support economic self-sufficiency and infrastructure growth.