Learning Flashcards Set

AP Psych Module (29)

Name


Section Title

  • How do biological constraints affect learning?

 Due to genetics predispons and elvutionaty stuff it affected what they can learn 

  • What is preparedness? Ex?

Preparedness is a likelihood to acquire something for surivaay ( Bear learns to avoid poisonous gish)

  • What is instinctive motivation? What causes it?

Excess rewards cause ecrsi learns - delays self motivation 

  • Cognitive processes in conditioning?

Where animals expect the US and recongizw stimulus response they reconige the US 

  • What is problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping?

Problem- Focusing coming looks at the root cause and sloves it like gym and diet for wait loos, whil emotion-f focused coping the pri,blem is unsolevable amangaein emitonial reactions

  • What is learned helplessness?

After repeated ngaitve evenat ryou get hopeless and depression like pTST

  • Locus of control: Internal vs. external?

Internal -  You control your own faith and action 

  • Why is self-control important?

Its important for acadmiec and life success 

 

  • Biological Constraints ( John Garica) :  Animals have limits/ constraints on what they can learn because of (genetics and survival adaptations) ( e.g, evolutionary adaptations) ( Hummingbird having a hard time to find food without pollen  cause they asssocaite food with pollen) 

    • Preparedness: Tendency to learn behaviors for survival (e.g., taste aversions to toxic foods). ( If a bird eats a poisonous berry it's likey to avoid it )

    • Instinctive Drift: Animals revert to natural behaviors even after operant conditioning. (e.g,  A raccoon trained to collect coins might rub them together cause its their natural behavior)

  • Cognitive Processes:

    • In classical conditioning, animals expect the unconditioned stimulus (US) and recognize stimulus-response links.

    • In operant conditioning:

      • Latent Learning (toleman):  Learning occurs without immediate rewards (e.g., cognitive maps).(e,g I was able to drive to school without maps b/c I  watched my dad


  • Intrinsic Motivation: Excessive rewards can undermine self-driven motivation. ( e,g.  A student who likes reading might and does reading-logs in class w/prize might undermine his motivation to read) 

  • Coping Mechanisms:

    • Problem-Focused Coping: Addressing the stressor directly (e,g  its action- orentianted, like making a doctor appointment,couples therapy, and change of diet)

    • Emotion-Focused Coping: Managing emotional reactions when the stressor cannot be changed. (e,g journelling, mediation and acceptance)

  • Learned Helplessness:

    • Result of repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative events.

    • ( hopelessness & depression.)/ ( PTSD- could happen)

  • Locus of Control:

    • Internal: Belief in controlling your own destiny ( Wheel of your own life) . Effect: Associated with better health and happiness. ( Good Health= Diet+ Exercise+ and No drinking )/ Growth Mindset

    • External: Belief that outside forces determine outcomes. Effect: Linked to stress and poor health. ( Health by genectis and DNA)

  • Self-Control:

    • Requires energy but predicts academic and life success.

    • Strengthened through constant  practice.

    • (e,g Marshmello Child experiment )













What I missed?


  1. Biological Constraints: Limited llearned due to genetics.

  2. Instinctive Motivation: Motivation from basic needs like hunger, shelter ,food etc….

  3. Problem-Focused Coping: Fixing the actual problem.

  4. Emotion-Focused Coping: Managing feelings , when problems can’t be fixed? 



AP Psych ( 30)

Priya



  • What is observational learning?

Observational learning is learning through others like in the boba doll ecxpirment 

  • How does it differ from associative learning?

Asssociatiove learning focus on teh association between stimuli and response, while obersvatiopn learning focuses on learning through obevrsation 


  • What are mirror neurons?

Are in the frontal - activations when abortion elaring 

  • Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment?

Children / —-groups —----> videos of adults interacting with a Bobo doll —----->with some adults behaving aggressively (hitting, kicking, yelling) and  others behaving non-aggressivel


  • What is prosocial modeling?

Positive action beahvior—simialr action form other s

  • What is antisocial modeling?

Anti-social modeling is negative models like aggression and hitting causes negaitev behaviotr in oeht 

  • How do children respond to inconsistent models?  

They copy them 

  • How does media violence impact behavior?

causesmitaion and densensitzation

  • What contributes to the violence-viewing effect?

Agression

  • Observational Learning:

    • Learning to look at others —------> imitating their behavior.

    • Ex,) Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment:

      • Children —-> observed aggression showed it 

      • Vicarious reinforcement/punishment: Anticipating consequences —-------> on observation ( based).

  • Neural Mirroring:

    • Mirror neurons in frontal lobes activate when performing or observing actions—------->( empathy and imitation).

    • Mirror neurons learn skills my imitation (e,g yawn lady next to us, we yawn)

    • Mirror neurons connect the perceuption and the motor system 



  • Prosocial Modeling:( Positive and constructive )behaviors inspire similar actions from others 

Parent- Thank you polite —--> Child Polite 

  • Antisocial Modeling: Negative behaviors (e.g., aggression)  create/ inspire  harmful imitation.

Child sees a bully has no consquences—--. Bullies 

  • Inconsistent Models:

    • Children —-> ( copy) hypocrisy if a model’s actions and words conflict.

Parent Slams door ( says not to) —-> Child slams door

  • Impact of Media Violence:

    • Causes aggression through imitation and desensitization.

imitation = copy 

densensitation= acceptance / its okay 

Child watches movies bad ones ( violence at 5yrs old)-------> becomes violent 

  • Studies:

    • Participants exposed to violence show increased aggression and reduced compassion.





What I missed? 

Observational Learning: behaviors can be imitated without direct reinforcement.


Mirror Neurons: Located in the frontal lobe.

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment: influenced the children's behavior towards the doll.

Prosocial Modeling: Positive actions = similar positive behaviors.

Antisocial Modeling: Observing negative behaviors can lead to imitation of those behaviors.

Children and Inconsistent Models:  Myriad Varied responses, rather than consistently copying the behavior.

Media Violence Impact: Desensitization to real-life violence.

Violence-Viewing Effect: Normalization of aggression, reduced sensitivity to violence, and increased aggressive thoughts and behaviors.