12.5 china and the new imperialism

Page 1

• TEKS 8C: Calculation of composition and fundamentals of Imperialism in China.

Page 2

• Objectives:

  • Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

  • Describe the trade rights Westerners sought in China.

  • Explain the internal problems Chinese reformers aimed to solve.

  • Understand the causes for the fall of the Qing dynasty.

Page 3

• Key Terms and People:

  • Balance of Trade: Difference between imports and exports.

  • Trade Surplus: When a country exports more than it imports.

  • Trade Deficit: When a country imports more than it exports.

  • Opium War (1839): Conflict triggered by China outlawing opium, clashing with British merchants, leading to a British victory.

Page 4

• Continued Terms and People:

  • Indemnity: Payment for war losses.

  • Extraterritoriality: Right of foreigners to be governed by their own laws in a country.

  • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): Massive peasant uprising against the Qing's corruption, resulting in 20-30 million deaths.

  • Sino-Japanese War (1894): Conflict where Japan acquired Taiwan from China.

Page 5

• Continued Terms and People:

  • Open Door Policy (1899): U.S. policy advocating for open trade in China.

  • Guang Xu: Young emperor who initiated reforms in the Qing dynasty.

  • Boxer Uprising (1898-1900): Anti-foreign movement targeting foreigners in China.

  • Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen): First president of the new Chinese republic post-Qing in 1911.

Page 6

• China's Favorable Trade Balance:

  • For centuries, China maintained a favorable balance of trade with other nations.

  • Western nations used their growing power to alter this balance in their favor through war and diplomacy.

Page 7

• Trade Dynamics in the 1800s:

  • China enjoyed a favorable trade surplus with Europeans, limiting trade conditions.

  • China exported porcelain, tea, and silk, receiving gold and silver in return.

  • Europeans had a trade deficit, buying more than they sold to China.

Page 8

• Decline of China:

  • China faced deteriorating conditions as Europe gained power from the Industrial Revolution.

  • British merchants exacerbated the situation by selling opium, causing economic disruption.

Page 9

• Opium War Context:

  • The war commenced in 1839 when China prohibited opium.

  • Britain justified continued sales under free trade, leading to a conflict.

  • British naval superiority resulted in a decisive victory over China.

Page 10

• Treaty of Nanjing:

  • Following defeat, China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, allowing British ports access and establishing extraterritorial rights for British subjects.

  • China paid a significant indemnity to Britain following the treaty.

Page 11

• Taiping Rebellion Consequences:

  • Rebellion (1850-1864) resulted from high taxes and mismanaged irrigation, causing widespread suffering and extensive death toll.

  • The rebellion nearly overcame the Qing dynasty but was ultimately suppressed.

Page 12

• Resistance to Westernization:

  • Chinese leaders were hesitant to embrace Western industry, fearing disruption to traditional values.

  • The debate on needed reforms arose particularly after the devastation of the Taiping Rebellion.

Page 13

• Empress Ci Xi's Rule:

  • Gained power in the late 1800s and opposed modernization.

  • Reformers sought to introduce Western practices through the self-strengthening movement.

Page 14

• Japan's Modernization Contrast:

  • Japan embraced Western technology while China struggled with internal conflict.

  • The Sino-Japanese War culminated in Japan acquiring Taiwan.

Page 15

• Imperialism Impact:

  • China's defeat revealed its weaknesses, prompting European powers to demand concessions.

  • Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan established spheres of influence within China.

Page 16

• Open Door Policy Accepted:

  • The policy was enforced by Western powers despite Chinese opposition, allowing open trade.

  • The U.S. aimed to ensure access to Chinese markets amidst the competition.

Page 17

• Hundred Days of Reform:

  • Emperor Guang Xu's initiative aimed to modernize various sectors, but conservative backlash halted these efforts and led to his execution.

Page 18

• Boxer Uprising Context:

  • Anti-foreign sentiments culminated in the Boxer Uprising (1900), targeting foreign presence in China.

  • Western powers united to suppress the uprising.

Page 19

• Post-Uprising Reforms:

  • Recognition of reform necessity grew following the Boxer Uprising; educational shifts took place emphasizing science and mathematics.

  • A new business class began to emerge as the economy expanded.

Page 20

• Rise of Nationalism:

  • The failure of the Boxer Uprising fostered a surge in Chinese nationalism in the early 1900s.

  • Calls for a constitutional monarchy and a move towards republicanism grew stronger.

Page 21

• Fall of the Qing Dynasty:

  • By 1911, the Qing dynasty was overthrown in a rebellion.

  • Sun Yixian became the first president of the reformed republic, promoting the "Three Principles of the People":

    • Nationalism: Rejecting foreign domination

    • Democracy: Establishing representative government

    • Livelihood: Ensuring economic security for citizens.