History 1302 - Exam 1 Study Guide

Exam 1 Study Guide - History 1302

Exam Overview

• 35 multiple-choice questions (70 points).
• 6 short answer questions (30 points).
• Study guide covers topics from lectures.
• If a topic is not on the study guide, it will not be on the exam.
• Focus on identifying terms/events/people, their significance, and cause/effect relationships.
• No questions about specific dates.

The Closing of the Western Frontier

• The Frontier Thesis:
  • Significance:
    • Argued that the frontier shaped American character and institutions.
• Pull Factors Out West:
  • Factors encouraging westward migration.
• The Homestead Act:
  • Incentive:
    • Offered 160 acres of public land to settlers who agreed to live on and cultivate it for five years.
• Problems Faced by Homesteaders:
  • Aridity, lack of resources, isolation, and challenges of farming in new environments.
• Women on the Frontier:
  • Roles and contributions: Essential for survival and community building.
• Sitting Bull:
  • Leader: Prominent Native American leader who resisted U.S. government policies.
• The Battle of Little Bighorn:
  • Significance:
    • Conflict between the U.S. Army and Native American tribes (including the Lakota Sioux).
• The Massacre at Wounded Knee:
  • Details: U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Native Americans.
• “Saving” the Native Americans:
  • Goals:
    • Assimilation policies aimed to integrate Native Americans into white culture through education, land ownership, and suppression of tribal customs.
• Elizabeth “Lizzie” Johnson:
  • Details:
    • Cattle queen who was a business woman.
• Racial Discrimination in the West:
  • Against Asian immigrants (e.g., Chinese Exclusion Act) and Hispanics.

Gilded Age: Capital, Labor, and Society

• Prominent Robber Barons in the Gilded Age:
  • Examples:
    • Andrew Carnegie (steel), John D. Rockefeller (oil).
• Define Horizontal Integration:
  • Definition:
    • Acquiring competing companies in the same industry to reduce competition and create a monopoly.
• Define Vertical Integration:
  • Definition:
    • Controlling all aspects of production, from raw materials to finished goods.
• Define Socialism and Communism:
  • Socialism:
    • Advocates:
      • Public or collective ownership and control of the means of production and distribution.
  • Communism:
    • Advocates:
      • Classless society in which private property is abolished and resources are distributed based on need.
• Haymarket Affair and Its Significance:
  • Details: Labor protest in Chicago that turned violent and led to the execution of several labor leaders.
• Wealth Gap and Class During the Gilded Age:
  • Growing disparity between the rich and the poor.
• Characteristics of Immigration in the Gilded Age:
  • Sources:
    • Increased immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882):
  • Prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S..
• Knights of Labor Philosophy:
  • Goals:
    • Inclusive labor organization advocating for broad social and economic reforms.
• American Federation of Labor (AFL) Philosophy:
  • Goals:
    • Focused primarily on skilled workers and practical goals such as higher wages and better working conditions.
• Homestead Strike:
  • Details:
    • Violent labor dispute at the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
• Pullman Strike:
  • Details:
    • Railroad strike that spread nationwide and was eventually suppressed by the federal government.
• Mother Jones:
  • Activist: Prominent labor activist and community organizer.
• Separate Spheres for Men and Women:
  • Ideology:
    • Ideology emphasizing distinct roles for men (public sphere) and women (private sphere).
• Anthony Comstock:
  • Details:
    • Political activist dedicated to suppressing vice, or immoral activities.
• Hull House:
  • Significance:
    • Settlement house founded by Jane Addams to provide social and educational services to immigrants and the poor.
• Political Similarities and Differences in Gilded Age Politics:
  • Laissez-faire economics, corruption, and debates over tariffs and currency.

Rise of the Jim Crow South and Imperialism

• Issues Hindering Economic Growth in the South:
  • Reliance on agriculture, lack of diversification, and limited investment.
• “Lost Cause of the South”:
  • Ideology romanticizing the Confederacy and downplaying the role of slavery in the Civil War.
• Sharecropping:
  • System in which tenant farmers give a portion of their crops to landowners as rent.
• Civil Rights Cases of 1883:
  • Supreme Court decisions that weakened federal protections against discrimination.
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):
  • Details:
    • Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
• Giles v. Harris (1903):
  • Details: Supreme Court case that limited African American voting rights.
• Lynching in the Jim Crow South:
  • Target:
    *African Americans.
• W.E.B. Du Bois and The Souls of Black Folk (1903):
  • Argued:
    • Advocated for civil rights, higher education for African Americans, and challenged racial discrimination.
      • Stated that African Americans should strive for immediate equality and not accept gradual progress.
• Booker T. Washington and “The Atlanta Compromise” (1895):
  • Advocated:
    • Vocational education and economic self-reliance for African Americans as a path to gradual integration.
• Philippine Island Warfare:
  • Details:
    • Conflict between the U.S. and Filipino rebels seeking independence.
• Queen Liliuokalani and Hawaii:
  • Details:
    • Last monarch of Hawaii who was overthrown by American businessmen.
• “Open Door” Policy with China:
  • Policy:
    • Ensured equal access to trade in China for all nations.
• Racism in Imperialism:
  • Belief in the superiority of white races: Justified the domination and exploitation of non-white populations.

The Populist Movement and The Progressive Era

• Granger Laws:
  • State laws regulating railroad rates and practices.
• Munn v. Illinois (1877) and Wabash v. Illinois (1886):
  • Munn v. Illinois:
    • Upheld the power of state governments to regulate private industries (railroads) that affect the “common good.”
  • Wabash v. Illinois:
    • Limited the ability of states to regulate interstate commerce.
• The Farmers’ Alliance:
  • Organization promoting farmers’ economic and political interests.
• The Populist Party Platform:
  • Goals:
    • Called for reforms such as the direct election of senators, government regulation of railroads, and a graduated income tax.
• Panic of 1893 and Coxey’s Army:
  • Panic of 1893:
    • Severe economic depression that led to high unemployment and social unrest.
  • Coxey’s Army:
    • Protest march on Washington D.C. by unemployed workers demanding government relief.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire:
  • Details:
    • Deadly fire that highlighted the need for improved workplace safety regulations.
• Election Reforms in the Progressive Era:
  • Initiative, referendum, and recall to increase citizen participation in government.
• Progressive Presidents (Know Them):
  • Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.
• Theodore Roosevelt and Labor Unions:
  • Approach:
    • Intervened in labor disputes to mediate between workers and employers.
• Define Trust-Busting:
  • Definition:
    • Government efforts to break up monopolies and promote competition.
• Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot:
  • Conservation efforts and policies.
• The Jungle (1906):
  • Novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.
• The Election of 1912:
  • Candidates:
    • Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party), Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), William Howard Taft (Republican).
• Women Roles in the Progressive Era Movements:
  • Activism and advocacy for social and political reforms.
• Margaret Sanger and Reproduction in the Progressive Era:
  • Advocated:
    • For birth control and women's reproductive rights.
• Ida B. Wells:
  • Activist: Anti-lynching activist and journalist.
• The Suffrage Movement Cause:
  • Goal:
    • Achieving women’s right to vote.
• Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt:
  • Leaders of the women’s suffrage movement with different strategies.
• WCTU and Prohibition:
  • Women’s Christian Temperance Union: Advocated for prohibition of alcohol.
• Compare and Contrast the Populist and Progressive Movements:
  • Goals: Both sought reforms to address economic inequality and political corruption.
  • Members: Populists were primarily farmers, while Progressives were middle-class urban reformers.

World War I and the End of the Progressive Era

• Dollar Diplomacy:
  • Definition:
    • Use of economic power to promote U.S. influence in Latin America and Asia.
• Panama Canal:
  • Details:
    • Facilitated trade and U.S. naval power.
• The Mexican Revolution and the United States:
  • U.S. involvement in Mexican politics during the revolution.
• Zimmerman Telegram:
  • Details:
    • German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the U.S..
• United States Entry in World War I:
  • Cause:
    • German unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram.
• Expanding Government Role During World War I:
  • Increased regulation of the economy and mobilization of resources.
• Espionage and Sedition Acts:
  • Laws that restricted freedom of speech and dissent during wartime.
• The Russian Revolution:
  • Impact:
    • Led to the withdrawal of Russia from World War I and the rise of communism.
• The League of Nations:
  • An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation.
• Spanish Influenza:
  • Global pandemic that killed millions of people.
• Red Summer Cause and Effect:
  • Cause:
    • Racial tensions and violence in the aftermath of World War I.
• Red Scare Cause and Effect:
  • Fear of communism and radicalism that led to persecution of suspected radicals and immigrants.