Thesis: Although one might say that the Mongols did not affect the people of Eurasia during this period due to its short length and absence of art, the Mongol Empire affected the people of Eurasia by increasing trade, conquering different cultures, and

Evidence:

Revived Silk Road

12 million square feet in their control

Mass conquering and migration

Spread of the Black Death

Pax Mongolica

Developed a system of mail delivery

Gunpowder

Leather armor

Fall of Rome

Traditional view

Rome was conquered by barbarians in 476 CE

Anti imperialistic view

Rome was doomed to fall because too much expansion made it hard to govern

Two ways to overcome governance problem:

Strict Rule with violence (a challenge for Rome due to the idea of justice that prevented unjust violence)

Bring conquered people into the empire more fully

Worked well, but led to the barbarian view

The decline of Rome started with the decline of the legions (army

Decision made to incorporate Germanic warriors into Roman army

Usually loyal to Rome but became only loyal to commanders and riches

Civil war between commanders to be emperor

*286 CE

Emperor Diocletian divided Rome into two to stabilize the empire

*395 CE

Rome finally becomes Western and Eastern empires

Eastern → Byzantine Empire

Capitol was Constantinople named after the emperor Constantine

Emperor Constantine

Rule marked transition from Classical Age to Middle Ages

First Roman empire to convert to Christianity

Attempted to get all Christians to get all Christians to believe in the same thing

Changed and continuities between Western and Eastern Empires

Both ruled by a single emperor with absolute military power

Constant warfare (Persia and various Islamic empires)

Both focused on trade and agriculture

East was more urban (easier to control)

Both followed Roman Law

Western → No specific name

*533 CE

Emperor Justinian and the Digest (condensing of the Latin law book) and the Institute (curriculum for Roman law schools)

Emperor Justinian

Became emperor in 527 CE

Ruled for 30 years

Recaptured Roman lands controlled foreigners

Built the church Hagia Sofia (now a mosque)

He married a theatrical woman named Theadora (Actor → singer → dancer → prostitute → empress) (His marriage was judged upon. She advocated for women’s rights)

Religion

Byzantines = Eastern or Greek Orthodox

West ruled by Pope; East ruled by Patriarch

*Caesaropapism in the East = Caesar over Pope

Rome survives in many ways today

Catholic Church

Apostolic succession: The teaching that bishops represent a direct, uninterrupted line of continuity from the first Apostles of Jesus Christ to today.

Papal infallibility: The belief that the Holy Spirit protects the Holy Pope from teaching error. (Aka he is never wrong)

Pentecost:

*313 CE The Edict of Milan: Granted religious liberty to those who practiced Christianity and other faiths.

*325 CE First Council of Nicea: To discuss the divisions in the church over the question of the divine and human nature of Jesus Christ and Arianism. The Nicea Creed talks about what all Christians should practice spiritually.

Modern-day turkey

Arias talks about the Trinity saying that Jesus is less than God and therefore not the same. This created Arianism

A search for orthodoxy

Acraments

Baptism

Conformation

Communion

Transubstantiation: even though the physical property of the bread/body changes the meaning does not

Confession

Last rites

Holy orders

Marriage

Excommunication: denying the right of communion

*382 CE The Vulgate Bible: The first Latin translation of the Bible which was officially part of the church

*1054 The Great Schism: Mutual ex-communication between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic church

Not resolved until 1965

Each believed they were the direct continuation of the original church

Feudalism

Exchange land for loyalty to subordinates

Church own all land; divide up to different king; king divide land to nobels; nobel divide lands to knights; knights give lands serfs

Serfs are the peasants that work the land

Serfs are bound to the land

Serfs are not enslaved but not exactly free either

The church owned majority of the land

Manorialism

Emphasized the rural economy within a lord’s manor. If serfs work the land, they get religious praises and burial rights. Church is more than a religion; the churchs affected the economy of Europe

Indian Ocean Trade

Trade routes connected Swahili coast cities, Middle East, India, China, SE Asia, and NOT Europe

Wide range of resources available and wide range of resource needs

Reliance on monsoon winds

Occur regularly and are predictable

Low risk = more trade

Trade was dominated by Muslim merchants (specifically the merchants had money to build the ships)

Merchants controlled trade not politics

Allowed for trade in bulk and creation of mass market

Africa - Timber, animal hides, ivory gold

China - Silk and porcelain

India - Cotton cloth

Islamic - Coffee, books, weapons

Technology:

China - Magnetic Compass

Muslim Sailors - Astrolabe made navigation possible by stars

Islamic World - Triangular lateen sail allowed ships to use the wind to propel ships forward. Islam spread via the Indian Ocean Trade

Medieval Era (499-1450 CE)

Trade is in the Indian Ocean Basin

Rise of Umayyad (661-750 CE) and Abbasid (750-1258) Dynasties-religious-political governments on the Arabian Peninsula

Provided a powerful Western structure for trade routes

Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) China

Encouraged maritime trade

Song created a navy to control piracy

Chola Empire (3rd century BC)

Grew in wealth and luxury due to trade

Srivijaya Empire (7th-13th)

Boomed based solely on taxing trade vessels

Angkor civilization (800-1317)

Used Mekong River to connect with the Indian Ocean

1498

Portuguese Vasco de gama in indian ocean

Portuguese enter as pirates rather than traders due to lack of items to trade

Seize ports and rob foreign merchant ships

1602

Dutch East India Company

Desired total monopoly on spices

1680

British East India Company

Challenged Dutch

**Goods began to move solely to Europe while Asian markets collapsed

Tang/Song China

Russia empire

before the Russian empire…

Kievan Rus

Kiev was a powerful city-state

believe to have been settled by Slavic people from around the Black Sea

trade important to Kiev

importance of agriculture

relationship to land determines social status and tax burden

Tax dept?

bonded to land you farmed for life

Ruler called the Grand Prince

Model for future Russian Kings

Became Byzantine Christians

Rule

Known as Appanage(Princedom) Russia

Established as Khanate of the Golden Horde(Mongol empire established in 12th century that encompassed Russia)

+ Isolated Russia from Byzantines and Europe

**How did Mongols create prominence for Moscow and its princes?

-Muscovite(Moscow) Princes given title of Grande Prince

- Grande Princes able to collect tribute on behalf of Khan

- Money = increased

Influence

- Mongol fought enemies on behalf of russian

Russians

Moscow able to defeat Mongols in late 14th century

Victory strengthened idea of a unified Russia; added stability

Muscovite princes usually have sons, soo no struggle for succession

15th century Muscovite civil war

Basil vs Basil

Basil II win(crossed-eyed and blind)

Rule followed by Ivan III

Asserted Russian independence

Expanded Russian power

Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible”

Beginning of Russia autocracy

- Beginning of rules….

Reformed the army

Established a council of representatives

- Second half of rule…

Goal to break power of nobility (Boyars)

Established secret police

Established absolute monarchy

HUMANITIES

The Catholic Church

What did they build? -

Church: A place of worship or a group of Christians

Local

Local clergy

Chapel: A small building for Christian worship, typically one attached to an institution or private house.

Cathedral: What the Catholics built

Regional

Bishop is clergy

Lavish and grand

Basilica: A church building that has been recognized and accorded special privileges by the pope.

Monastery: Monks live there to continue worship, study, and keep manuscripts. (Basically a university except a monastery is wholly devoted to religous studies while universities have other topics.) (Monks are men and Nuns are women)

Illuminate manuscripts

expansion or new insights into something

Religious text

Everything was done by hand

Made from parchment: animal skin that was stretch into paper

Clasps, book binding using string was invented out of necessity for parchment books

Owning one prove commitment to the lord( and flex how rich you are)

Drop texts(ex: Hello…)

Contain illustrations that are mostly straightforward

+ to convey message to illiterate follower

+ grotesque imagery to portray grossness of the world (the world is gross focus on text and god)

Pupo h

The sin you commit in life will be equal to the punishment in hell. You reap what you sow

Being a traitor is a sin committed in cold blood so in hell they are buried in ice.

Judas betrayed Jesus, Cassius and Brutus betrayed Ceasar

Where does he travel

His muse was Beatrice who is his true love

Tang/Song China

They created paper currency

Pottery

Poetry

Li Po (Li Bai) is widely considered the greatest of all Chinese poets.

Living from 701-762, he was revered in his own lifetime throughout China. His poetry is still taught in Chinese textbooks today.

He was good friends with Tu Fu - widely considered the other great of Chinese poetry.

Legend claims he died by falling into the Yangtze River trying to grab the moon’s reflection in the water.

Tu Fu (Du Fu) is known as the “poet-historian” and “poet-sage” of China.

Living from 712-770, he aspired to serve his country as a civil servant but failed the civil service exam. He became revered for his poetry.

The last 15 years of his life were a period of great unrest in China, and this troubled Tu Fu a great deal.

He is the first person in the historical record identified as a diabetic patient, so probably, he would not have drank much Tang.

The Renaissance -

A period in European history, primarily spanish the 14th to 16th centuries, marked by a cultural rebirth that saw a revival of classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy, signifying a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era.

Introduction of Humanism

A non-religious philosophy that emphasizes the value of humans and their ability to lead ethical lives

Belief that people can understand the world through reason and experience

People are equal in miral worth, and that everyone has a right to the greatest possible freedom

They were actually religious because they painted the madonna and virgin mary

Renaissance was born in Italy

*Why? Because of wealth

Italian city-states were wealthy

Industrial powers that specialized in articular products

Plorence = cloth

Milan = weapons

Vine & Genoa* = trade

Venice became wealthiest city state due to trade with Ottomans

Muslim world was source of many writings studied by Renaissance thinkers

Fall of Constantinople to Ottomans in 1453 further spread Greek ideas

Byzantine scholars fled for Italy

*Was there really a Renaissance?

Time! No one was aware they were changing history

Renaissance only experienced by richest people

Rediscovery of ancient works did not change the way people were living

It did and didn’t happen “Truth resists simplicity”

Soliloquy - an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.

Monologue - when a single character speaks for a long while, usually to reflect internal thought.

Dramatic irony - a literary device by which the audience's or reader's understanding of events or individuals in a work surpasses that of its characters.

Aside - Breaking the 4th wall (purpose might be for comedy)

Knowt