Ap world vocab

Dar al-Islam It refers to regions of the world where Muslims live under Islamic sovereignty and where the laws of Islam (Sharia) can be practiced freely.   It encompasses various countries and territories that adhere to Islamic governance, fostering the community and practices of Islam.
Feudalism a medieval social, political, and economic system where land was exchanged for military service, labor, and protection.
Manorial System an economic and social system in medieval Europe where a wealthy lord owned a large, self-sufficient estate called a manor, and peasants worked the land in exchange for housing and protection
Serfdom a legal and economic system from the Middle Ages where agricultural workers (serfs) were bound to live and work on a specific plot of land owned by a lord.
Caliphate an Islamic state ruled by a supreme political and religious leader known as a caliph, which means "successor" to the Prophet Muhammad.
Neo-Confucianism a moral, ethical, and metaphysical revival of classical Confucianism that emerged in China during the Tang and Song dynasties and integrated Buddhist and Daoist concepts.
Tribute System a diplomatic and economic network where neighboring states acknowledged the Chinese emperor's superiority through gifts and rituals in exchange for trade access, protection, and political legitimacy.
Champa Rice a fast-maturing, drought-resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom (modern-day Vietnam) that spread to Song China, allowing two harvests per year and fueling massive population growth
House of Wisdom a major intellectual center, library, and translation hub in Baghdad funded by the Abbasid Caliphate during the Islamic Golden Age.
Bhakti Movement a Hindu devotional movement in South Asia (roughly the 7th through 17th centuries) that emphasized emotional, direct spiritual connection to a personal deity over formal rituals, Sanskrit texts, and the strict caste hierarchy.
Sufism the mystical, inner dimension of Islam that emphasizes a direct, personal experience of God rather than strict focus on legalism or formal religious rules.
Crusades a series of religious military campaigns launched by Western European Christians between 1095 and 1291 to reclaim Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control.
Syncretism the blending of different religious, cultural, or philosophical traditions into a genuinely new and unified system.
Great Zimbabwe the large stone-walled capital city of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe in southeastern Africa that flourished from roughly 1100 to 1450 CE.
Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire (the Mexica civilization), founded in 1325 on an island in Lake Texcoco.
Terrace Farming an agricultural technique where flat, stepped platforms are cut into steep hillsides or mountains to grow crops, prevent soil erosion, and manage water runoff.
Filial Piety a Confucian virtue that requires children to show deep respect, obedience, and care for their parents and ancestors.
Civil Service Exam Imperial China's standardized test on Confucian texts used to select government officials by merit rather than family connections.
Patriarchy a social system where men hold primary power and dominate political leadership, property ownership, and family decision-making
Meritocracy a political or social system where individuals earn power, government positions, or rewards based on their abilities, knowledge, and achievements rather than their family wealth or social class
Bureaucracy is an organized system of appointed, non-elected officials and administrators who carry out laws, collect taxes, and manage the day-to-day operations of a government or empire.  It is characterized by hierarchical structure and a set of formal rules and procedures.