AP CSP

Computing innovations: an innovation that uses a program as a key part of their function.

• Computing Innovation Samples:

  • Physical: Robots, Tablets, & Smart technology

  • Not Physical: Social Media, Applications, Editing Software, & Video Games

Collaboration is integral to CS because it allows for diverse ideas and thoughts that cater towards different people.

• Pair programming is when two people share a computer and take turns Coding.

Errors

• Logic Errors: unexpected behavior in program’s output

• Syntax Errors: the code does not work properly because it is typed or written incorrectly

  • Run-Time Errors: error occurs while code runs

  • Overflow Errors: the numbers are too big for the computer iterative development process: develop working prototypes of a program and go back through the cycle to redevelop the program

incremental development process: break a problem into small parts and then reassemble the solution when each party is fixed

waterfall development model: a step-by-step process where each step flows into another.

Data is a collection of numbers and facts from different sources

• Bits (binary digits) are what computers store data in

• Computers read machine code which is usually in the binary system.

You must convert numbers between bases quickly for the MCQS

• 8 bits = 1 byte

• Hexadecimal is used for RGB color codes & it uses numbers & letters to represent values

• ASCII code converts text to binary format

● Abstraction: reduces complexity by only focusing on the most

important parts & hiding the irrelevant parts from the user.

● Analog data is measured continuously & change smoothly

● Digital data is measured digitally and leaves out extra data by

simplifying the data collected (form of abstraction)

● Data compression is dependent on 1) the method used and 2) the

amount of repeated info in the data

● Lossless compression: less compression & better file quality

● Lossy compression: more compression & worse file quality

● Metadata: data about data

• ● Data mining: examining very large data sets to find information

• ● Transforming data: editing or modifying data

● pseudocode: will be used a lot on the

• MCQ section of the AP Exam, make sure to review the AP CSP exam sheet and fully understand all of the pseudocode.

  • AP pseudocode has an index that starts are 1

● Loops traverse through lists/arrays/strings

● Data types: integers, strings, lists and

booleans

● List (array) an ordered sequence of

element

● Strings are an ordered list of characters

• ○ Substrings are part of a string

● String concatenation occurs when two

strings or more are connected w/ a “+”

● An algorithm has instructions that

accomplish a task or solve a problem

● All algorithms are created using sequencing, selection, and iteration

• Sequencing means that all of the code is executed in the order they are written in.

• Expression a statement that only returns one value. (Evaluated with PEMDAS)

• Selection statements are processed through if statements that all have conditions that need to be met for the selection to run

● Else statements are attached to if statements which specify what happens if a condition is not met

● MOD (%) gives you the remainder of 2 #’s

● Nested conditional statements have

conditional statements inside of

conditional statements

● Procedures are programming instructions

that are also called methods or functions

● Parameters: input variables of a

procedure

● Arguments: a call with defined values +

attributes

● logical operators: NOT, AND and OR

● An element is an individual value in a list &

all elements have an index

● sequential computing: traditional programming where each program is

processed at a time

● Parallel computing: when program is broken into smaller operations

and processed at the same time using multiple processors

● Distributed computing: multiple devices communicate together to run

a program

● sequential solution: takes as long as the # of all steps in a program

● parallel computing solution: faster w less # of cores

● fault tolerant: something can still function even w/ a partial

malfunction

● Redundancy: duplication of things

● Internet = interconnection and networks

● computer network is when multiple computing devices communicate

with each other

● Data on the internet is split into data packets

● Routing: the process of finding the best path to deliver information.

● digital divide: gaps between those who have access to the internet

and those who do not

● The things that affect this are demographics, socioeconomic status,

and geographic location

● intellectual property the work that people consider “theirs”

● Copyright: the person who created something determines who uses

their creation

● Creative Commons: copyright license for creators to give others the

ability to use their work

● Open-sourcing: work is freely shared, distributed, and modified

● Open access: research available to public w/ out restrictions

● Malware: malicious software that takes control of a system

● Phishing: tricks ppl into giving their personal information away

● Encryption: encoding data to prevent others from accessing it

● Symmetric key encryption one key for both encrypting & decrypting

● Public key encryption public key to encrypt & private key to decrypt