oddly shandel socials final 10

roaring 20s

why?

  • post war recovery + deferred spending; driving up demand for goods & services

  • government policies; lowered taxes + reduced regulations under republican regime, introduced tariffs

  • increased consumer spending; due to rising wages, easy credit access, advertising + marketing

invention & industrialization:

  • expansion of infrastructure; growth of automobile + oil/gas industries

  • mass production techniques; assembly lines created for efficiency and lower production costs

  • technological advancements; rise of automobiles, radio, new appliances (eg. fridges) transforming daily life + creating new markets

    • inventions: insulin, radio, commercial flights/airplanes, automobiles, snowmobiles

economy + working class

trade unions:

  • inspired by 1917 october revolution/russian communism

    • led to red scare, indistinguishing communism from anarchaism, socialism, democracy

  • labour laws:

    • very little job security in 1919

      • no unemployment insurance, pension, or injury compensation

      • huge inflation since ww1 w/ unchanging minimum wage

    • created to have better housing, job training, higher pay

winnipeg general strike:

  • building + metal trade unions went on strike, eventually followed by other industries

    • 30k workers striked, + sympathy strikes in vancouver, toronto, montreal

  • demanded 85c/hr wage, 8hr work day + right to borrow for better working conditions

  • shut down public services

    • bloody saturday: 1919

      • crowd gathered to witness protest parade; overturned + arsoned street cars

      • police charged crowd; 1 dead, 30 injured, hundreds arrested

      • central strike committee ordered ppl back to work; ended strike

  • gov resp:

    • banned parades + demonstrations

    • sent troops w/ machine guns to winnipeg

    • raided homes of union leaders + arrest strike leaders

  • consequences:

  • financial loss + job loss after strike

  • drew attention to socioeconomy issues in working class

  • new policial party formed, to be NDP

milestones of canadian independence:

treaty of versailles/paris peace conference 1919:

  • signed independently from gb

  • joined league of nations

chanak crisis: 1922

  • canada not giving gb unconditional support when turkey was acting up (trying to reclaim parts of turkey taken over by allied territores [france + gb])

halibut treaty: 1923

  • drafted + signed treaty w/ us protecting halibut

  • 1st time canada had handled their own fereign affairs

imperial conference: 1926

  • ‘day colony became a nation’

  • balfour report created

    • recognized dominions had autonomy separate from their empires

statute of westminister: 1931

  • recognzied the balfour report

    • dominions now free to make their own laws

great depression

causes

  • reliance on staple exports:

    • overreliance on staple exports (eg. timber, crops, minerals)

    • decline in foreign economies = less sales (esp w/ us)

    • 1930s dust bowl; years of drought after 1925-1929 record crop years

    • no railway + mill business

  • ecnomic protectionism + tariffs:

    • america adopted protectionist policies due to lack fo need for imports

    • tariffs raied globally to protect industries bc of lowered exports

    • cyclical

  • international debt post ww1:

    • dependent on export market to pay off debt to us (lent money during ww1)

    • decreased trade profit, loans left unpaid

    • germany suffered most from post ww1 debt

  • overproduction:

    • expanding industries put profits into improving

    • production outweighed demand; unsold products caused panic

    • workers laid off, led to less sales due to lack of money in circulation

  • stock market crash: black tuesday, 29th oct 1929

    • stock prices declined bc of overproduction, overreliance on us economy, failing wheat exports, etc.

    • investors lost confidence in companies, panic selling began

      • large #s of stock sold before price drop; high supply low demand, low stock value

      • cyclical

economic vocab

  • laissez faire: hands off economic approach, no government intervention

  • budget: revenue + spending plan

  • business cycle: natural dips + recovery of economy every 5-6 yrs

    • depression: deep prolonged recession

  • stock: piece of company sold ot public to increase revenue

  • buying on margin: using borrowed money to invest

  • speculation: intentional short-term investments to capitalize on low prices and expected increases

  • insider trading: buying/selling stocks based on inside knowledge of future events

impacts

unemployment:

  • 25% unemployment in industrialized countries

disadvantaged minorities:

  • deportation, more than 28k by 1935

  • chinese didnt qualify for relief payments, crazy anti-semitism

    • jewish ppl had high paying jobs = stealing them

  • indigenous got $5/month compared to $9-60/month non indigenous ppl got

    • had land taken for building projects (eg. lions gate bridge)

banking failures

  • businesses + ppl couldnt repay loans

  • banks lost money, had to seize property

  • worse in us, canada had better regulated banks

  • irl rn, gov js absorbs debt/purchases it during recessions

riding rails:

  • ppl jumping on movign trains to move across country for work

  • became a community bc ppl were unemployed and had nothing else to do

onto ottawa trek:

  • thousands of workers rode rails from vancouver to ottawa to demand govenrment action

  • wanted waged work + real jobs

  • more ppl joined as train went on

regina riot:

  • got stopped in regina, sk by rcmp

  • riots, 350 rcmp fought crowd for 3hrs w/ baseball bats, clubs, tear gas

pogey

  • vouchers for essential goods; basically food stamps

  • humiliating, spent hrs in line

  • worth less than lowest paying job

  • led to starvation

unemployment relief camps:

  • men working on public projects (eg. roads) for 20c per day pay + food + board

bennet’s new deal: 1935

  • progressive taxation; more u make more u pay

  • max hrs in a work week

  • introduction of minimum wage

  • stronger regulations of working conditions + unemployment/health/accident insurance

  • revised pension plan

  • agricultural support (not bankrupt if there was a drought) + regulation of wheat prices

  • pros: foundation of modern social safety net

  • cons: did not address unemployment, too little too late

political consequences:

  • ppl seeking radical change, possible threats of revolution

  • new political parties formed (ndp + social credit)

  • changing role of government:

    • reduced spending to balance budget

    • no more laissez faire, government managing economy

      • tax policy, interest rates (official bank of canada) adjusted government spending

world war 2

fundamental causes:

  • treaty of versailles

  • great depression

  • rise of hitler + nazi party

  • league of nations failure

  • extreme nationalism

  • no intervention for germany

league of nations failure

  • no real power

    • eg. manchuria

  • us did not join

    • big military force

    • did not pass senate vote even tho woodrow wilson suggested lon

  • not enough countries

    • not enough power again, couldnt do much

  • promoted collective security, arbitration, economic sanctions

    • collective security: attack on 1 = attack on all

    • arbitration: non biased 3rd party sent to try and negotiate non-violent agreement

    • economic sanctions: boycotting aggressive country, no trade, no loans, etc.

treaty of versailles

  • vv harsh reparations on germany

    • sent them into a deeper depression

    • offered hitler smthn to have a saviour complex abt

    • also set stage for propaganda against non-standard aryans, esp jewish ppl

  • did not include germany in discussions

    • allowed for hatred to build against other countries, easier to propose war

extreme nationalism:

  • love for germany = hated for other countries + jewish ppl

  • based off of tov

  • restoring germany to former glory (before ww1)

  • love hitler bc of his love for germany, do it for the country if you dont love hitler

immediate causes: appeasement crisis

remilitarization of rhineland: 1936

  • hitler sent troops into rhineland

    • area between germany and france + bunch of other countries, west germany

  • violated treaty of versailles, fr + gb did not react

annexation of austria: 1938

  • troops marched into austria and annexed it

  • violated treaty of versailles

  • gb + fr did not react

appeasement in czechoslovakia: 1938

  • hitler threatened to invade czechoslovakie if sudetenland wasn’t returned

  • gb + fr panicked, czechoslovakia not consulted

  • sudetenland returned to avoid invasion

  • hitler invaded later anyway, in 1939

nazi-soviet pact: 1939

  • truce to split poland

  • not real agreement

    • germany wanted to avoid 2 front war

    • russia wnated time to prep to fight germany

  • shocking agreement bc hitler hated communism, stalin wanted germany to stop doing allat

totalitarianism:

  • POWER STRUCTURE, NOT AN IDEALOGY

  • dictatorship with total control

  • secret police used to instill terror

  • citizens controlled via censorship + propoganda

  • no human rights, only freedom of thoguht

  • ex. italy + germany, mussolini + hitler as facism totali, ussr, stalin as communist

    • communism: left, stateless + classless w/ collective ownership of products

    • facism: right, nation over individual rights, hierarchical society

misc:

  • sept 1st 1939: invasion of poland, trigger + start of ww2

    • gb + fr declared war on germany, canada joined week later

  • sept 2nd 1945: end off ww2 w/ VJ day, victory in japan

  • august 15th 1945: fighting ended, japan sued for peace on 14th

  • enigma: used to decode german messages from 1940 onwards

  • sonar: soundwaves sent into water to detect uboats

    • used in battle of atlantic (naval battle, lasted throughout war)

canadian homefront:

  • discrimination against minorty groups:

    • japanese interment camps

      • property seized + sold

      • forced into animal housing places

      • made to work on farms (eg. beet)

      • non discriminatory, anyone who looked japanese got put into these

    • st louis incident; antisemitism; 1939

      • departed from germany denied entry into cuba + eastern canada

      • germany minister of propganda created false criminal records

      • refused entry into canada, only ~30 accepted on basis of ‘not being good settlers’

      • 254 died in holocaust, sent back to europe

  • conscription crisis:

    • uhh french people got mad, further division of anglophone canad + quebecois

long answer answers:

nuremberg laws: 1933-1939

  • harsh laws against jewish ppl

  • lost careers + property + citizenship

  • required to wear star of david for constant identification

kristallnacht: 1938 [night of broken glass]

  • germans encouraged to attack jewish ppl + their property

    • smashed windows, public beatings

    • lots of bloodshed

  • lots of jewish ppl imprisoned

ghettos + concentration camps:

  • ghettos: places in nazi occupied ussr + poland where holding centres were set up

    • worst parts of town, dirty + run down

    • had train tracks running through them for easy drop off

    • holding area until they could be transported to concentration camps

  • concentration camps: slave labour facilities

    • elderly + children killed off bc not usefull

    • ppl killed off in general in gas champers

    • used in unethical + torturous experiments

propoganda:

  • communism is a jewish conspiracy theory (2 birds w/ 1 stone)

  • jewish ppl are taking all of our money

    • they cost the country more

    • do not provide as much