MEXICO APCOMPGOV

El Chapo

·       Mexican drug lord and former leader of the Sinaloa cartel

·       Captured multiple times but escaped

Mestizo

·       Mixed indigenous and European (Spanish) ancestry

·       Majority of mexico’s population

Caudillos

·       Charismatic strongmen leaders

·       Ruled through personal power not democracy

·       Common in 19^Th century latin america

NICs

·       Newly industrialized countries

·       Countries that have rapidly industrialized

·       Mexicos industrialization driven by trade agreements like NAFTA

Cientificos

·       Group of technocratic advisots during Porfirio diaz’s regime (1876-1911)

·       Advocated for modernization and scientific approaches in governance.

·       Criticized for favoring elites.  

corporatist state (having to do with Mexico)

·       Gov controls and mediates interest groups.

·       Top-down.

·       The institutional revolutionary party used this system to maintain power for decades.

Anticlericalism

·       Opps to the political influence of the catholic church in the 1917 constituition

·       Prominent during the Mexican revolution

Narcos vs. the Mexican Government

·       Cartels = narcos

·       Gov’s “war on drugs” leading to violence + corruption + human rights abuses

Cartels

·       Powerful drug-trafficking orgs

·       Sinaloa cartel, Jalisco new generation cartel

·       Control large regions of Mexico

·       Engage in violent conflicts with each other + gov

Catholic Church

·       Dominant religious institution

·       Over 70% of Mexicans

·       Faced restrictions during Mexican revolution

Electoral System in Mexico ( type and how does it work). 

·       Mixed system: PR + FPTP

·       Ensures geographic rep + proportional distribution of seats based on national vote

·       Lower house = chamber of deputies (500 seats FPTP) (200 seats PR)

·       FPTP in local districts

·       PR in national vote

·       Senate = upper house (128 seats)

PRI (Political Party)

·       Instituitional revolutionary party

·       For most of 20^th century = dominant party

·       Ruled for over 70 years

·       Clientielism, patronage networks, corporatist structure integrating labor unions, farmers, and business interests.

·       Influence waned after 2000 election

·       Regained presidency in 212 with Nieto

PRD (Political Party)

·       Left wing

·       To challenge PRI

·       Rep interests of the urban poor, workers, leftist activists

·       Voice of opposition to the PRI

·       Advocated for democratic reforms and social justice policies

Federal Electoral Institute/IFE (INE)

·       established in 1990 with the goal of making elections more transparent independent

·       2014, the IFE was restructured and became the National Electoral Institute (INE)

·       responsible for maintaining an up-to-date national voter registry and issuing voter identification cards.

·       responsible for organizing electoral districts for the Chamber of Deputies and Senate

PAN (Political Party)

·       Center-right broke PRI dominance

·       VICENTE FOX 2000

·       Reps business

MORENA (New Political Party)

·       Founded by Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO)

·       left-wing populist

·       undo many of the market-oriented reforms

Clientelism (Patron Client, having to do with Mexico)

·       political parties (especially PRI) exchange material benefits for political loyalty and votes.

·       Called in Mexico:

Dominant Party System

·       Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) holding power almost continuously from 1929 to 2000.

·       Mexico de facto one-party state

Pact for Mexico

·       Signed on December 2, 2012

·       overcome political gridlock

·        implement ambitious reforms to modernize Mexico.

·       pact included 95 proposals to address Mexico’s most pressing issues

Maquiladoras

·       foreign-owned factories that assemble products

·       located near the U.S.-Mexico border

·       advantage of cheaper labor costs in Mexico and the free trade agreements (like NAFTA) to send goods to the U.S. and other countries.

·       key part of Mexico’s economic model

NAFTA

·       North American Free Trade Agreement

·       signed in 1994 between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico

·       eliminated most trade barriers

·        leading to increased exports  in the manufacturing sector

·        integration into global supply chains.

·       negative consequences for small farmers  opened up the Mexican agricultural sector to U.S. imports

GATT/WTO

·       (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade / World Trade Organization)

·       Mexico joined the GATT in 1986

·       to integrate into the global economy

·       1995 Mexico became a founding member of the WTO

Ejidos

·       communal lands granted to peasants for agricultural use

·       established under the 1917 Constitution

PEMEX

·       Petróleos Mexicanos

·       1938 after the nationalization of the oil industry

·       dominated oil and gas

·       became symbol of Mexican sovereignty

·       Energy reforms in 2013 allowed for priv investment

Import substitution Industrialization (ISI)

·       Implemented during the 1940s-1980s

·       reduce dependency on foreign goods by promoting domestic industries.

·       led to inefficiencies and stifled competitiveness

·       abandoned in favor of liberalization

Rentier State

·       Mexico relying heavily on oil exports for revenue

·       Make economy vulnerable to price fluctuations in oil

Privitization (Mexico)

·       1980s-1990s initiation

·       to reduce the state's role in economy + increase efficiency

·       telecom + banking privatized

·       mixed results regarding inequality and corruption

Presidential System (having to do with Mexico)

·       The president serves as head of state and government.

·       elected for a six-year term (sexenio).

·       Current: Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo (2024)

Sexenio

·       six-year presidential term

·        no reelection allowed

Chamber of Deputies

·       lower house of Congress

·       500 members

·       mixed-member proportional representation

·       Responsible for legislation, budget approval, and oversight.

Senate

·       upper house of Congress

·       128 members

·       FPTP + PR

·       foreign policy and treaty ratification

Supreme Court

·       highest judicial authority

·        11 justices appointed by the president

·       confirmed by the Senate.

·       Plays a crucial role in constitutional interpretation.

1917 Constitution

·       written during the Mexican Revolution. It was drafted in Santiago de Querétaro by a constituent convention.

• established labor protective principles. 

• includes provisions for human rights

• freedom from slavery

• protection from discrimination. 

• provisions for education

• the right to education

• the right to have children's rights respected. 

Parastatal

·       State-owned enterprises like PEMEX

·        key during the ISI era

·       later diminished due to privatization.

Porfiriato

·       Porfirio Díaz regime (1876-1911)

·       modernization, foreign investment, and social inequality

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AMLO

·       MORENA

·       2018-2024

·       Pensions and scholarships for the poor

·       “fourth transformation”

·       Combat corruption and reduce inequality

Claudia Sheinbaum

·       MORENA

·       2024

·       Very recently elected

·       Was mayor before of Mexico city

·       First female president of Mexico