Unit 1 Ap psychology

1. What is the placebo effect?

  1. A physical response to an actual medication

  2. Improvement in symptoms due to the belief that one is receiving treatment

  3. A psychological reaction to pain

  4. A condition caused by anxiety

Correct: B

2. Which of the following best describes how distraction can help control pain?

  1. It completely eliminates pain perception.

  2. It increases the intensity of pain signals that the brain can tolerate.

  3. It helps shift attention away from pain, reducing the experience of pain.

  4.  It reduces the memory of pain experiences.

Correct: C 

3. The primary function of the vestibular system is to

  1. Detect light and color

  2. Maintain balance and spatial orientation

  3. Process taste and smell

  4. Regulate heart rate

Correct: B 

4. Theory that the spinal cord serves as a neurological access point for pain to reach the brain.  Either pain signals are blocked, or they are opened. 

  1. Threshold theory

  2. Gate theory

  3. Adaptation theory

  4. Specificity theory

Correct: B 

 

5. Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing olfactory information?

  1. Thalamus

  2. Amygdala

  3. Hippocampus

  4. Olfactory bulb

Correct: D 

6. Olfaction relates to sense of 

  1. Smell

  2. Taste

  3. Touch

  4. Body's position

Correct: A 

7. Which sense is closely linked to memory and emotion due to its direct connections to the limbic system?

  1. Smell

  2. Hearing

  3. Touch

  4. Sight

Correct: A

8. What does kinesthesia refer to?

  1. The perception of smell

  2. The perception of taste

  3. The perception of body movement and position

  4. The perception of sound

Correct: C

 

9. What does sensory interaction refer to?

  1. The ability to perceive stimuli from multiple senses simultaneously

  2.  The process of one sense influencing the perception of another

  3. The separation of sensory information from its context

  4. The impairment of sensory functions

Correct answer: B 

10. Embodied cognition suggests that:

  1. Cognitive processes are entirely independent of physical experiences.

  2. Our thoughts and perceptions are influenced by our bodily sensations and actions.

  3. Intelligence is solely based on verbal skills.

  4. The brain functions independently from the body.

Correct: B 

11. What role do taste buds play in the process of gustation?

  1. They are responsible for the production of saliva.

  2. They detect and transduce chemical signals from food into nerve impulses.

  3. They enhance the sense of smell.

  4. They regulate temperature in the mouth.

Correct answer: B

12. Which of the following is most closely associated with hair-like receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear? 

  1. Balance

  2. Pain

  3. Touch

  4. Smell

Correct: A

 

1.) A psychological study to determine the harmful effects of sleep disruption asked a company to start an overnight shift without notice. Many of the employees began to have accidents while on the job. The researchers conclude that a sudden change in circadian rhythm causes an effect on job performance. What ethical concern may be present in this study?

  1. There are some people that are “night owls,” and they would bias the study

  2. The researchers did not have a clear independent variable in the study

  3. The researchers didn’t consider the normal number of accidents that already occurred in the factory.

  4. The employees did not provide informed consent and were not given the option to withdraw from the study.

Correct answer: D 

2.) In what stage of sleep are you most likely to feel hypnagogic sensations- A sensory feeling of a sudden jerking or falling sensation? 

  1. Stage 3 NREM Sleep

  2. Stage 2 NREM Sleep

  3. REM Sleep

  4. Stage 1 NREM Sleep

Correct: D 

3.) What is one negative consequence of sleep deprivation? 

One negative consequence of sleep deprivation is brain fog and trouble focusing.

 

4.) Provide three factors that can contribute to sleep deprivation. 

Three factors that contribute to sleep deprivation could be the temperature of the room, using technology before sleep, and the stress the person is dealing with.

5.) In this stage of the sleep cycle, we have vivid dreams 

  1. Stage 3 NREM Sleep

  2. Stage 2 NREM Sleep

  3. REM Sleep

  4. Stage 1 NREM Sleep

Correct C 

6.) An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways?

  1. immediately after falling asleep

  2. after the dream stage is completed

  3. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

  4. soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the rest of the night

Correct C 

 

7.) Dr. Ravi wants to conduct a study to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on problem-solving abilities. Her procedure involves randomly assigning participants to groups and depriving one group of sleep for a period of five consecutive days. She then had each of them take a test that measures their ability to solve various problems. Which of the following is most problematic about Dr. Ravi’s research design?

a.There is no dependent variable in this study

B. The study raises ethical concerns because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study.

 

C. There would be no way to create a control group for comparison.

D. The results would be invalid because everyone has different problem-solving abilities.

 Correct: B 

8.) Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of which of the following disorders?

  1. sleep apnea

  2. REM sleep disorder

  3. Narcolepsy

  4. insomnia

Correct A 

9.) The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain’s attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is best identified as which of the following theories?

  1. activation-synthesis theory

  2. psychoanalytic theory

  3. social learning theory

  4. information processing theory

Correct A 

10.) Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

  1. It has a long wavelength and high frequency

  2. It has a long wavelength and low frequency.

  3. It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

  4. It has a large amplitude.

Correct: C 

 

11.) What part of the ear is damaged if exposed to too much prolonged high amplitude sound?

  1. Hair cells

  2. Eardrum

  3. Anvil

  4. Hammer

Correct: A

12.) Type of hearing loss that results in too much prolonged high amplitude sound

  1. Frequency

  2. Accommodation

  3. Conduction

  4. Sensorineural

Correct: D

 

13.) In place theory, there is an understanding that high frequency sounds produce vibrations near the beginning of the ______ membrane, this helps to explain why we can hear high pitch sounds.

  1. Eardrum

  2. Cochlea

  3. Anvil

  4. Hammer

Correct B 

 

14.) In frequency theory, scientists claim that we hear sound because nerve impluse travel up the _____ ____ and match the frequency and tone of the sound wave. 

  1. Optic nerve

  2. Auditory nerve

  3. Oculomotor nerve

  4. Mental nerve

Correct B

15.) True or false: When in REM sleep, our brains emit the same waves as when they are awake 

True

False

Correct: True 

Allow for quick reflex reactions to stimuli like touching a hot stove, or ducking if a ball is thrown at your face 

  1. Motor efferent neurons

  2. Sensory afferent neurons

  3. Interneurons

Correct: C 

2. Part of neuron that receives chemical messages from a neighboring neuron 

  1. Axon buttons

  2. Dendrites

  3. Myelin sheath

  4. Nucleus

Correct B 

 

3. Part of neuron that send chemical messages to a neighboring neuron 

  1. Axon buttons

  2. Dendrites

  3. Myelin sheath

  4. Nucleus

Correct: A 

4.  In order for the action potential of a neuron to proceed, a ___ has to be met 

  1. Baseline

  2. Threshold

  3. Photosynthesis

  4. Stimulation

Correct B

5. An agonist is a type of drug that 

  1. Depresses the central nervous systems

  2. Mimics the structure of a neurotransmitter

  3. Inhibits the reuptake of a neurotransmitter

  4. Blocks the release of hormones

Correct: B

6. Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Her heart begins to race, and her palms sweat. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for her fearful reaction to the spider?

  1. Somatic nervous system

  2. Autonomic nervous

  3. Sympathetic nervous system

  4. Parasympathetic nervous system

Correct: C

 

7. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is described by the functions listed in Part B of the table?

  1. Parasympathetic nervous system

  2. Sympathetic nervous system

Correct: A

 

8. Which of the following identifies the part of the nervous system the arrows are pointing toward?

  1. Peripheral nervous system

  2. Central nervous system

  3. Somatic nervous system

  4. Synaptic nervous system

Correct: B 

 

9. Final phase in a neuron's action potential 

  1. Resting potential

  2. Spontaneous recovery

  3. Delayed response

  4. Refractory period

Correct: D

 

10. Sarah has severe epilepsy. She is not responding to medication. Doctors recommend surgery to sever the major neural connector between the two hemispheres of her brain. After the surgery, she no longer has seizures, however, when showed a visual in her left field of vision, she has a difficult time verbally identifying it.  Which of the following parts of Sarah's brain was severed to treat her seizures? 

  1. Cerebral cortex

  2. Cerebellum

  3. Occipital lobe

  4. Corpus callosum

Correct: d

 

 

11. Area between neurons where chemical messages are sent 

  1. Myelin sheath

  2. Synaptic gap

  3. Axon terminal

  4. Cell membrane

Correct: b 

12. Sensory(afferent) neurons 

  1. Carry information away from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system

  2. Carry information to the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system

  3. Exist only in the central nervous system

  4. Are less important than motor neurons

Correct: b 

13.A message from your brain tells your fingers to move when you type. Which type of neuron is responsible for your body moving your fingers to type? 

  1. Motor neurons

  2. Sensory neurons

Correct: A 

 

14. The part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscular actions 

  1. Autonomic nervous system

  2. Somatic nervous system

  3. Parasympathetic nervous system

  4. Sympathetic nervous system

Correct: B 

15. The part of the peripheral nervous system  that is regulates essential body functions like heartbeat, respiration and digestion. 

  1. Autonomic nervous system

  2. Somatic nervous system

  3. Parasympathetic nervous systems

  4. Sympathetic nervous system

Correct: a 

16. The endocrine system uses glands to send chemical messages through _____ in the bloodstream 

  1. Neurotransmitters

  2. Neurons

  3. Antagonists

  4. Hormones

Correct: d 

17. The adrenal gland's release of adrenaline is associated with the body's 

  1. Sympathetic nervous system

  2. Parasympathetic nervous system

  3. Somatic nervous system

  4. Resting potential

Correct: a

 

18. Part of the brain that regulates glands- command center of the endocrine system 

  1. Cerebral cortex

  2. Hippocampus

  3. Temporal Lobe

  4. Hypothalamus

Correct: D

 

 

19. Part of the brainstem, controls breathing and heart

  1. Pons

  2. Amygdala

  3. Hippocampus

  4. Medulla

Correct: D 

20 switchboard that sits atop the brainstem. Directs sensory information to different parts of the brain 

  1. Hypothalamus

  2. Thalamus

  3. Pons

  4. Medulla

Correct: b

 

21. Part of the brainstem that regulates consciousness- thick bundle of nerves. 

a.Reticular formation

B. Pons

C. Medulla

D. Cerebellum

Correct: a

 

22. Connects the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain 

  1. Reticular formation

  2. Pons

  3. Medulla

  4. Cerebellum

Correct: b 

23. The "little brain" important role in balance and plays a role in processing sensory information 

  1. Reticular formation

  2. Ponns

  3. Medulla

  4. Cerebellum

Correct d

24. The hippocampus 

  1. Is responsible for longterm memory

  2. Is responsible for Strong emotionns

  3. Is responsible for critical thinking

  4. Is responsible for hormones

Correct: B

25. Responsible for triggering the fight or flight response- strong emotions 

  1. Hippocampus

  2. Amygdala

  3. Reticular formation

  4. Medulla

Correct: b

26. Frontal lobes are associated with 

  1. Hearing

  2. Sight

  3. Critical thinking

Correct: C

 

 

27. Processes sensory information connected to sight 

  1. Temporal lobes

  2. Occipital lobes

  3. Parietal Lobes

  4. Frontal lobes

Correct: b

28. Processes auditory information

  1. Temporal lobes

  2. Occipital lobes

  3. Parietal lobes

  4. Frontal lobes

Correct: a

 

29. Connected to sensation- Includes the somatosensory cortex 

  1. Temporal lobes

  2. Occipital lobes

  3. Parietal lobes

  4. Frontal lobes

 Correct: C      

               

                   

1. Mark and Matt are identical twins. A psychologist studies Mark and Matt from birth until their 25th birthday. The psychologist gathers data about their likes and dislikes, extracurricular activities, school success, and doctor visits. The psychologist is interested in the interaction of nature and nurture on their development. Which of the following research methods is the psychologist using to study Mark and Matt?

  1. Case study

  2. Experiment

  3. Cross-sectional

  4. Survey

Correct:: a 

2. Which of the following will be the most alike? 

  1. Fraternal twins raised in the same environment

  2. Siblings raised in the same environment

  3. Identical twins raised in different environments

  4. Identical twins raised in the same environment

Correct: D

3. Which of the follow scenarios is the best example of natural selection?

  1. During a hurricane, both brownish and whitish moths are killed in approximately equal numbers by the storm. The population of moths is substantially reduced.

  2. During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before.

  3. Just before the moth breeding season, the weather conditions result in an unusual abundance of food. With so much food, the moth population increases dramatically, regardless of color.

Correct: b

 

4. Identify the key term: Environmental factors that cause genes to express or not.  For example, diet, drugs and stress can affect how genes express themselves. 

  1. Heritability

  2. Genome

  3. Chromesomes

  4. Epigenetics

Correct: D

5. Identify the key term: How much differences among people are due to genes 

  1. Heritability

  2. Epigenetics

  3. Natural selection

  4. Social script

Correct: a

 

6. The Evolutionary perspective would be most interested in: 

  1. How an individual's environment impacts the expression of genes

  2. Natural selection, what motivates people to behave in a way that increases their ability to survive and reproduce

  3. A deeper understanding of neural impulses, and the connections in the brain that allow for complex processing

  4. States of consciousness, and how our our inner worlds are impacted through early experiences

Correct B 

7. Dizygotic twins are: 

  1. Fraternal twins- From two separate eggs

  2. Identical twins- Split from the same egg

Correct: A

8. Monozygotic twins are: 

  1. Fraternal twins- From two separate eggs

  2. Identical twins- Split from the same egg

correct : b

9. Type of researchers that evaluates the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental factors on behavior. 

  1. Humanistic psychologist

  2. Behavior geneticists

  3. Cognitive psychologists

  4. Neuroscientist

Correct: b

10. True or false: chromosomes are thread-like structures made up of DNA 

True 

False

Correct: True  

11. Molecular genetics is a subfield of _____ that studies the molecular structures and functions of genes. 

  1. Chemistry

  2. Physics

  3. Biology

  4. Sociology

Correct: C