STS-Sir Rodel-Lesson 2-Historical Antecedents and Intellectual Revolutions

Page 1: Historical Antecedents

Title: Historical Antecedents in the World and in the Philippines

Presented By: Sir Rodel C. Espino

Page 2: Introduction

Overview

• Ancient lifestyles were characterized by natural resource utilization.

• Population growth intensified competition for resources, notably water.

• Innovations such as canals emerged to manage water supply, illustrating human problem-solving.

• The evolution of society has led to significant changes in science and technology.

Page 3: Agenda

1. Understand the history of the relationship between science and technology (S&T).

2. Contextualize S&T.

3. Enumerate and briefly describe dimensions/components of S&T context.

4. Differentiate between macro and micro S&T.

Page 22: Intellectual Revolutions

Page 23: Learning Outcomes

Key Concepts to Master

• Define Scientific Revolution.

• Identify intellectual revolutions that defined societal structure.

• Discuss contributions from notable intellectuals in scientific revolutions.

• Articulate societal transformation through science and technology.

Page 24: What is Intellectual Revolution?

Definition and Significance

• Period marked by paradigm shifts in scientific beliefs widely accepted by society.

• Represents events that birthed modern science and advanced scientific thinking through history.

Page 25: Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society

Notable Revolutions

• Copernican Revolution

• Darwinian Revolution

• Freudian Revolution

Page 26: Copernican Revolution

Overview

• Proposed by Nicholas Copernicus, asserting heliocentrism (the Sun as the solar system center).

• Initiates the Scientific Revolution, contradicting geocentrism (Ptolemy).

Page 27: Nicholas Copernicus

Contributions

• Developed a heliocentric model explaining celestial motion.

• Proposed a structure where planets orbit the sun at unvarying rates.

Page 28: Nicholas Copernicus (Continued)

Orbital Mechanics

• Based his model on a logical arrangement of planets based on their distance from the sun.

• Differentiated types of planetary motion linking Earth-centered concepts with solar orbit.

Page 29: Darwinian Revolution - Charles Darwin

Contributions

• Proposed evolutionary biology through On the Origin of Species.

• Challenged prevailing religious notions with evidence-based science.

Page 30: Darwinian Revolution - Charles Darwin (Continued)

Impact on Science

• Made significant contributions to evolutionary biology and philosophy of science by challenging unscientific ideas.

Page 31: Theory of Evolution

Main Concepts

• Natural selection ensures only the fittest survive and adapt.

• Evolution showcases adjustments in organisms for survival and reproduction.

Page 32: Theory of Evolution (Continued)

Key Points

• Evolution is based on variations within species; traits are inherited, and competition determines survival.

Page 33: Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud

Overview

• Founding father of Psychoanalysis: Method for treating mental illness and behavioral theory.

• Emphasized pleasure-seeking behavior in humans.

Page 34: Freud's 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development

Stages Overview

• Defined by sexual drives associated with different physical and emotional developments: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages.

Page 35: Oral and Anal Stages

Developmental Focus

• Oral Stage (Birth to 2 years): Pleasure derived from oral activities.

• Anal Stage (2-3 years): Pleasure from controlling biological functions and bodily autonomy.

Page 36: Phallic and Latent Stages

Continued Stage Development

• Phallic Stage (3-7 years): Focus on genitalia; recognition of identity.

• Latent Stage (7 years to puberty): Dormancy of sexual impulses and focus on socialization.

Page 37: Genital Stage and Structure of Personality

Stage and Personality Dynamics

• Genital Stage (Puberty to Adulthood): Final maturation of sexual impulses.

• Freud's Tripartite Model: id (instinctual drives), ego (reality mediator), superego (moral standards).

Page 38: Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud (Reiterated)

Summary

• Freud's contributions highlighted the inherent pleasure-seeking nature of human behavior through psychoanalysis.

Page 39: Freud's Theory (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO)

Components Explained

• ID: Primitive instinctual drives, unconscious desires for pleasure.

• EGO: Rational mediator between id and reality, conscious decision-making.

• SUPEREGO: Moral conscience based on socially learned ideals.

Page 40: Information Age

Characteristics of Modern Society

• Describes a highly advanced, automated, data-driven society with rapid information sharing.

• Coined as the Digital Age linked to developments in computer technology.

Page 41: Information Age Definition

Historical Overview

• Proposed by James R. Messenger, emphasizing the interconnectivity of computers and information management.

Page 42: Evolution of Information Dissemination

Historical Context

• Information sharing evolved to keep pace with technology growth. The explosion of data began overwhelming traditional management methodologies.

Page 43: 'Information Anxiety'

Conceptualization by Richard Wurman

• Distinct shift to information as the currency of business in the 1990s, requiring specialized management roles.

Page 44: The Worldwide Web and Internet Origins

Development History

• Claude F. Shannon’s theory of information encoded in binary forms formed the foundation for the internet, developed by the Department of Defense.

Page 45: Communication Challenges and Innovations

Internet Evolution

• Early limitations in transmission speed resolved with fiber optic technology; introduction of email and chat rooms revolutionized communication.

Page 46: Social Interaction Through the Internet

Cultural Shift

• Rapid communication through the internet enabled swift interactions, altering social experiences and creating online communities.

Page 47: Economic Impact of the Information Age

Industry Transformation

• Digitized information businesses arose, leading to significant wealth for tech innovators like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg, along with challenges such as cyberbullying.

Page 48: Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Geographical and Cultural Context

• Overview of key locations and civilization highlights in Mesoamerica.

Page 49: What is Mesoamerica?

Definition

• Derives from "Middle America," encompassing geographical and cultural regions in Central America and Mexico.

Page 50: Development of Science in Mesoamerica - Maya Civilization

Key Scientific Contributions

• Advanced knowledge in astronomy and agriculture, creating complex calendars and technological innovations.

Page 51: The Mayan Calendar System

Function and Relevance

• Instrumental in societal organization and religious observances; skilled in mathematics, creating a number system that included zero.

Page 52: Mayan Contributions

Technological Advances

• Developed hydraulic systems and tools for agriculture and textiles; known for early rubber products.

Page 53: Inca Civilization

Cultural and Technological Achievements

• Known for extensive infrastructure, such as stone roads and irrigation systems; innovative record-keeping via quipu.

Page 54: Inca Civilization (Continued)

Administrative Innovations

• Used a calendrical system for agricultural planning and developed textiles as a prized craft.

Page 55: Aztec Civilization

Cultural Importance

• Emphasized mandatory education for all social classes and genders; innovations in agriculture and cultural practices, such as chocolatization.

Page 56: Aztec Civilization (Continued)

Agricultural and Technological Contributions

• Chinampa technique for farming; development of a lunar-based calendar and canoes as key technologies.

Page 57: Development of Science in Asia

General Overview

• Engaged in meteorological inventions, medicinal advances, and extensive historical development of scientific practices.

Page 58: Development of Science in Asia - India

Major Contributions

• Innovations in metallurgy and astronomy; advancements in traditional medicine (Ayurveda) and standardization of measurements.

Page 59: Development of Science in Asia - Prominent Mathematicians

Suitable Recognitions

• Contributions from Aryabhata in trigonometry; Brahmagupta's thoughts on gravity; Madhava's foundation of mathematical analysis.

Page 60: Development of Science in Asia - China

Key Innovations

• Groundbreaking achievements in traditional medicine, navigation tools, and significant agricultural implements.

Page 61: Development of Science in Asia - Middle East

Importance of Experimentation

• Ibn al-Haytham’s contributions as the Father of Optics; Jabir ibn Hayyan’s establishment of chemistry; Ibn Sina's pioneering clinical trials in medicine.

Page 62: Development of Science in Africa

Overview

• Acknowledgement of Africa's historical contributions to science and mathematics within advanced ancient civilizations.

Page 63: Development of Science in Africa (Continued)

Key Developments

• Contributions to geometry, metallurgy, alchemy, and astronomy, highlighting the sophistication of ancient African knowledge systems.

Page 64: Conclusion

Closing Remarks

• Emphasizing gratitude and the importance of historical contexts in understanding developments in science and technology.