STS-Sir Rodel-Lesson 2-Historical Antecedents and Intellectual Revolutions
Page 1: Historical Antecedents
Title: Historical Antecedents in the World and in the Philippines
Presented By: Sir Rodel C. Espino
Page 2: Introduction
Overview
Ancient lifestyles were characterized by natural resource utilization.
Population growth intensified competition for resources, notably water.
Innovations such as canals emerged to manage water supply, illustrating human problem-solving.
The evolution of society has led to significant changes in science and technology.
Page 3: Agenda
Understand the history of the relationship between science and technology (S&T).
Contextualize S&T.
Enumerate and briefly describe dimensions/components of S&T context.
Differentiate between macro and micro S&T.
Page 22: Intellectual Revolutions
Page 23: Learning Outcomes
Key Concepts to Master
Define Scientific Revolution.
Identify intellectual revolutions that defined societal structure.
Discuss contributions from notable intellectuals in scientific revolutions.
Articulate societal transformation through science and technology.
Page 24: What is Intellectual Revolution?
Definition and Significance
Period marked by paradigm shifts in scientific beliefs widely accepted by society.
Represents events that birthed modern science and advanced scientific thinking through history.
Page 25: Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society
Notable Revolutions
Copernican Revolution
Darwinian Revolution
Freudian Revolution
Page 26: Copernican Revolution
Overview
Proposed by Nicholas Copernicus, asserting heliocentrism (the Sun as the solar system center).
Initiates the Scientific Revolution, contradicting geocentrism (Ptolemy).
Page 27: Nicholas Copernicus
Contributions
Developed a heliocentric model explaining celestial motion.
Proposed a structure where planets orbit the sun at unvarying rates.
Page 28: Nicholas Copernicus (Continued)
Orbital Mechanics
Based his model on a logical arrangement of planets based on their distance from the sun.
Differentiated types of planetary motion linking Earth-centered concepts with solar orbit.
Page 29: Darwinian Revolution - Charles Darwin
Contributions
Proposed evolutionary biology through On the Origin of Species.
Challenged prevailing religious notions with evidence-based science.
Page 30: Darwinian Revolution - Charles Darwin (Continued)
Impact on Science
Made significant contributions to evolutionary biology and philosophy of science by challenging unscientific ideas.
Page 31: Theory of Evolution
Main Concepts
Natural selection ensures only the fittest survive and adapt.
Evolution showcases adjustments in organisms for survival and reproduction.
Page 32: Theory of Evolution (Continued)
Key Points
Evolution is based on variations within species; traits are inherited, and competition determines survival.
Page 33: Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud
Overview
Founding father of Psychoanalysis: Method for treating mental illness and behavioral theory.
Emphasized pleasure-seeking behavior in humans.
Page 34: Freud's 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stages Overview
Defined by sexual drives associated with different physical and emotional developments: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages.
Page 35: Oral and Anal Stages
Developmental Focus
Oral Stage (Birth to 2 years): Pleasure derived from oral activities.
Anal Stage (2-3 years): Pleasure from controlling biological functions and bodily autonomy.
Page 36: Phallic and Latent Stages
Continued Stage Development
Phallic Stage (3-7 years): Focus on genitalia; recognition of identity.
Latent Stage (7 years to puberty): Dormancy of sexual impulses and focus on socialization.
Page 37: Genital Stage and Structure of Personality
Stage and Personality Dynamics
Genital Stage (Puberty to Adulthood): Final maturation of sexual impulses.
Freud's Tripartite Model: id (instinctual drives), ego (reality mediator), superego (moral standards).
Page 38: Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud (Reiterated)
Summary
Freud's contributions highlighted the inherent pleasure-seeking nature of human behavior through psychoanalysis.
Page 39: Freud's Theory (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO)
Components Explained
ID: Primitive instinctual drives, unconscious desires for pleasure.
EGO: Rational mediator between id and reality, conscious decision-making.
SUPEREGO: Moral conscience based on socially learned ideals.
Page 40: Information Age
Characteristics of Modern Society
Describes a highly advanced, automated, data-driven society with rapid information sharing.
Coined as the Digital Age linked to developments in computer technology.
Page 41: Information Age Definition
Historical Overview
Proposed by James R. Messenger, emphasizing the interconnectivity of computers and information management.
Page 42: Evolution of Information Dissemination
Historical Context
Information sharing evolved to keep pace with technology growth. The explosion of data began overwhelming traditional management methodologies.
Page 43: 'Information Anxiety'
Conceptualization by Richard Wurman
Distinct shift to information as the currency of business in the 1990s, requiring specialized management roles.
Page 44: The Worldwide Web and Internet Origins
Development History
Claude F. Shannon’s theory of information encoded in binary forms formed the foundation for the internet, developed by the Department of Defense.
Page 45: Communication Challenges and Innovations
Internet Evolution
Early limitations in transmission speed resolved with fiber optic technology; introduction of email and chat rooms revolutionized communication.
Page 46: Social Interaction Through the Internet
Cultural Shift
Rapid communication through the internet enabled swift interactions, altering social experiences and creating online communities.
Page 47: Economic Impact of the Information Age
Industry Transformation
Digitized information businesses arose, leading to significant wealth for tech innovators like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg, along with challenges such as cyberbullying.
Page 48: Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Geographical and Cultural Context
Overview of key locations and civilization highlights in Mesoamerica.
Page 49: What is Mesoamerica?
Definition
Derives from "Middle America," encompassing geographical and cultural regions in Central America and Mexico.
Page 50: Development of Science in Mesoamerica - Maya Civilization
Key Scientific Contributions
Advanced knowledge in astronomy and agriculture, creating complex calendars and technological innovations.
Page 51: The Mayan Calendar System
Function and Relevance
Instrumental in societal organization and religious observances; skilled in mathematics, creating a number system that included zero.
Page 52: Mayan Contributions
Technological Advances
Developed hydraulic systems and tools for agriculture and textiles; known for early rubber products.
Page 53: Inca Civilization
Cultural and Technological Achievements
Known for extensive infrastructure, such as stone roads and irrigation systems; innovative record-keeping via quipu.
Page 54: Inca Civilization (Continued)
Administrative Innovations
Used a calendrical system for agricultural planning and developed textiles as a prized craft.
Page 55: Aztec Civilization
Cultural Importance
Emphasized mandatory education for all social classes and genders; innovations in agriculture and cultural practices, such as chocolatization.
Page 56: Aztec Civilization (Continued)
Agricultural and Technological Contributions
Chinampa technique for farming; development of a lunar-based calendar and canoes as key technologies.
Page 57: Development of Science in Asia
General Overview
Engaged in meteorological inventions, medicinal advances, and extensive historical development of scientific practices.
Page 58: Development of Science in Asia - India
Major Contributions
Innovations in metallurgy and astronomy; advancements in traditional medicine (Ayurveda) and standardization of measurements.
Page 59: Development of Science in Asia - Prominent Mathematicians
Suitable Recognitions
Contributions from Aryabhata in trigonometry; Brahmagupta's thoughts on gravity; Madhava's foundation of mathematical analysis.
Page 60: Development of Science in Asia - China
Key Innovations
Groundbreaking achievements in traditional medicine, navigation tools, and significant agricultural implements.
Page 61: Development of Science in Asia - Middle East
Importance of Experimentation
Ibn al-Haytham’s contributions as the Father of Optics; Jabir ibn Hayyan’s establishment of chemistry; Ibn Sina's pioneering clinical trials in medicine.
Page 62: Development of Science in Africa
Overview
Acknowledgement of Africa's historical contributions to science and mathematics within advanced ancient civilizations.
Page 63: Development of Science in Africa (Continued)
Key Developments
Contributions to geometry, metallurgy, alchemy, and astronomy, highlighting the sophistication of ancient African knowledge systems.
Page 64: Conclusion
Closing Remarks
Emphasizing gratitude and the importance of historical contexts in understanding developments in science and technology.