Midterm 1 (Units 1-5)

Unit 1 - Managing sport

Critical thinking refers to:

  • Awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions

  • Ability to ask and answer critical questions at appropriate times.

  • Desire to use those questions and accept their results as a guide to behaviour

Critical thinking dispositions (steps):

  • Seek and offer clear statements and reasons

  • Be well informed; Use credible sources sources and observations

  • Consider the entire situations and context

  • Be open-minded and alter for alternatives

  • Take a position supported by evidence and reasons

  • Seek precision and try to get it right

Critical thinking questions:

  1. What are the issues and the conclusion?

  2. What are the reasons?

  3. What words or phrases are ambiguous?

  4. What are the value conflicts and assumptions?

  5. How good is the evidence?

Issue → Reasons → Clarity → Values → Assumptions → Logic → Evidence → Missing information

Sectors of the sports industry

Three Main sectors:

  1. Public sector

  • Government Funded

  • Facilities, parks, recreation departments

  1. Nonprofit sector

  • Volunteer based

  • National sport organizations, community clubs

  1. Commercial sector

  • Profit driven

  • Pro teams, sporting good manufactures, media, sponsors

Collaboration:

  • Professional teams (Commercial)

  • Used public facilities (Public)

  • Works with sport sponsors and nonprofits for community engagement

Development of Sport management

  • Ohio University, First master’s-level sport administration program

  • Undergraduate programs, masters programs, doctoral programs

  • Influenced by need for trained administrators for: Teams, leagues, facilities, events, youth sports

Unique features of sport management:

  • Sport is consumed as fast as is is produced

  • Revenue comes from outside the core services

    • Media rights, sponsorship, merchandising

  • Closed career paths:

    • Networking is critical

  • Sport as a social institution:

    • Cultural, political, ethical impact

Unit 2 - Historical Impacts of SPMA

A.G. Spalding and brothers - Significance

  • One of the first successful sporting goods manufacturer

  • Considered the first modern sport business

  • Key developments leading to success:

    • Vertical integration

    • Diversification

    • Modern management system

    • String promotional and marketing skills

Early Commercializations of Sport

  • Influenced by:

    • Urban population growth

    • Increased disposable income

    • Growth of horse racing and baseball

    • Standardization of sports and rules

    • Media and technology → Railroads, newspapers

Bicycle Craze - why it matters

  • Major watershed even in sport history

  • Led to:

    • Mass manufacturing

    • Distribution and promotion systems

    • Adverstising and brand equity

    • Competition and supply/demand awareness

  • Influenced modern sport marketing and segmentation

Endorsements - History and relevance

Why endorsements matter today:

  • Builds brand awareness

  • Increases credibility and trust

  • Same strategy used now with modern athletes

  • Examples:

    • Babe ruth - louisville slugger

    • Spalding - Baseballs

Unit 3 - Management Concepts

Formula: Inputs + transformation = Outputs

Economies of scale vs scope:

  • Economies of scale:

    • Savings from mass production

  • Economies of scope:

    • Savings from maximizing shared resources

Decision making: Centralized vs Decentralized

  • Centralized:

    • Decisons made at the top

    • More control, slower

  • Decentralized:

    • Decisions made by lower in organizations

    • Faster, more flexible

Effectiveness vs Efficiency

  • Effectiveness = Achieving goals (Results)

  • Efficiency = Achieving goals with minimal resources (activities)

Unit 4 - Managing and Leading

  • Transactional

    • Contingent reward

    • Management by exception (active/passive)

  • Laissez-faire

    • Avoids leadership

  • Transformational (most common)

    • Influence

    • Motivation

    • Intellectual stimulation

    • Individual consideration

Theoretical Approaches to Management

  1. Scientific Management

  • Focus on productivity and output

  1. Human Relations Approach

  • Employees perform better when they feel valued

  • Hawthorne Effect

  1. Process (Administrative) Approach

  • Management of the whole organization

Functions of Management:

  1. Planning

  2. Organizing

  3. Staffing

  4. Directing

  5. Controlling and Evaluating

Unit 5 - Community Sport

Volunteers in Community sport

  • Community sport is volunteer-based

  • Volunteers are essential for:

    • Program delivery

    • Governance

    • Participant experience

  • Why training and screening matters:

    • Safety

    • Quality experience

    • Retention of participants

    • Emphasis on participant experience

Human resource management for volunteers

  • Planning

  • Recruiting and selecting volunteers

  • Training and development

  • Goal: Quality experience for participants

Community sport vs Youth Sport

  • Community sport:

    • Across the lifespan

    • Recreational, competitive, youth, adult

    • Based in community and local organizations

  • Youth Sport:

    • Children and adolesents

    • Schools, community organizations, national sport bodies

    • Class, instructional leagues, competitive leagues, after-school programs

Barriers and limitations to youth participation

  • Socio-economic status (Costs)

  • Parents activity level

  • Safety concerns

  • Facility and program availability

  • Skill level

  • Time constraints