unit 4 world cultures

First, Second, Third Estate

First Estate

clergy

Second Estate

nobles

Third Estate

97% of people belonged to the Third Estate

First group - Bourgeoisie (middle class) * Well educated, some were rich
Second group - Workers * Poorest group, tradespeople
Third group - Peasants or proletariat * 80% of France’s 26 mil people

They resented the clergy and nobles for their privileges and special treatment

Causes of the French Revolution

growth of industry and the rise of the middle class
growing burden of feudal dues
increasing poverty

Economic

growing government debt
attempt to tax the nobles
tax burden on the Third Estate

Intellectual

growth of new ideas (e.g. everyone is born equal)
influence of America

Political

absolute monarchy

Forces of Change

In addition to resentment among lower classes, other factors contributed

New ideas about government
Serious economic issues
Weak and indecisive leadership

Enlightenment Ideas

New ideas about power/authority
Success of the American Revolution
Began questioning long-standing societal structure

Economic Troubles

Heavy taxes made it almost impossible to conduct profitable business
Bad weather caused widespread crop failures * Resulted in a grain shortage, price of bread doubled, starvation
Inherited debt of Louis XIV/XV and aid to American revolutionaries * Bankers refused to lend more money

Weak Leadership

Indecisive, put off emergencies
Paid little attention to government advisers
Solution was to impose taxes on the nobility

Dawn of the Revolution

Clergy and the Nobles dominated the Estates-General, each estate had one vote

The two privileged estates could always outvote

National Assembly

Bourgeoisie insisted that all three estates get together and each delegate have a vote * Advantage - Third Estate
King sided with the nobility, said no

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (clergy sympathizer)

Called for the Third Estate to name themselves the National Assembly and pass laws/reforms in the name of the French people * Act of rebellion/End of absolute monarchy

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate delegates were locked out of their meeting room, so they broke down the door to an indoor tennis court. They vowed not to leave until a new constitution was drawn up. The pledge was called the Tennis Court Oath and this brought clergy and noble reformers.

political authority came from nation’s people and not from the monarchy

Great Fear

Rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside

Rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants

Wave of panic was called the “Great Fear”

Peasants became outlaws themselves
Broke into nobles’ houses and destroyed the legal documents binding them to feudal dues

Women’s march on Versailles

In response to rising bread prices, Parisian women marched to the Palace of Versailles * They demanded that Louis return to Paris * Signaled the change of power and radical reforms about to overtake France

Storming of the Bastille

July 14, 1789 - Bastille was a Paris prison where commoners were taken and tortured. It was symbolic because of the repression used against the people. They stormed the prison to gain gunpowder and arms. They ended up overwhelming the guards and seizing control of the building.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Influenced by the Declaration of Independence
“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights”
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” * Guaranteed men equal justice, freedoms of speech and religion
Natural rights and fair taxation also promised
Olympe De Gouges - published declaration for the rights of women, was denied

A state-controlled church

Assembly took over church lands
Officials and priests to be elected
Economically motivated, sale of lands would help pay off France’s huge debts
Divided the peasants, many were devout Catholics

Divisions develop

Sept. 1791, Assembly completed the new constitution * Established a limited monarchy
Legislative Assembly was created * Body had the power to create laws, approve war * King still held executive power

Factions Split France

Despite changes, old problems such as food shortages and government debt remained

Question of how to handle these problems split the Legislative Assembly into three groups * Radicals - Opposed monarchy completely and wanted sweeping changes * Moderates - Wanted some changes, but not as much * Conservatives - Upheld the ideas of limited monarchy

Declaration of Pilnitz

Declaration of Pillnitz - King of Prussia and Emperor of Austria (brother to Marie Antoinette) threaten to protect the French monarchy

Monarchs and nobles in other countries had growing concerns, spread by the emigres

Austria and Prussia urged the French to restore Louis XVI as an absolute monarch (Pillnitz)
National Assembly responds by declaring war

France at war

1792, Prussia threatened to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed
Parisians invaded the Tuileries, imprisoned the royal family

Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre rose to lead the CPS

Reformer, supported terror as a means of maintaining order
Promoted religious tolerance and tried to abolish slavery
Arrested and tried anyone who threatened the revolution

CPS trials were quick and death sentences were greeted with cheers

No one was safe: nobles, clergy, peasants, sans-culottes and middle-class citizens
300,000 arrested
17,000 executed

Louis XVI

Weak and indecisive leader * Doubled France’s debt by providing aid to the American revolutionaries against Great Britain, France’s chief rival * Marie Antoinette’s Austrian background meant she wasn’t well liked “Madame Deficit”

bourgeoisie

middle class

Sans culottes

Working-class men and women who pushed the revolution into radical action - term means “Without breeches” - knee breeches were wore by men of the upper class - caused chaos and disorder in an effort to push for the republic

Jacobins

Revolutionary political club - mostly middle-class lawyers and intellectuals - used pamphlets and newspapers (propaganda) to further their democratic cause

Girondists

Robespierre

Committee of Public Safety

12 member committee was granted absolute power to “save” the revolution * Helped to prepare France for war * Men, women and child all had roles

\ The CPS was created to suppress violence against the government. Yet, they used violence as a means to suppress dissent. The public never felt safe under the CPS because virtually anyone was fair game to be accused of being traitor or revolutionary including those in the government.

Emigres

Nobles/clergy who fled France during the revolution - they sought help to restore the Old Regime - sounds like emigration

Thermidorian Reaction and Directory

Within hours of Robespierre’s death, moderates set down to create a new constitution*

Desired a conservative republic that was free of centralized power and terror

The Directory was created

Consisted of five men and a two-house legislature * Made peace with Prussia and Spain * Continued fighting Austria and GB * Created a constitutional monarchy
Was corrupt and did not solve France’s economic problems * Relied on the support of the military to maintain order

\ By 1799, France had changed dramatically

The term citizen applied to people of all social classes
Simple clothing replaced elaborate fashions
Nationalism rose throughout France
State schools replaced religious ones
Social systems were organized to help the poor, war veterans and war widows
Slavery abolished in Caribbean colonies

Continental System

By closing European ports to British goods, Napoleon hoped to bring Great Britain to its knees. The Continental System failed because Britain's navy blockaded European ports, which kept supplies from moving in or out.
Most nations resented Napoleon’s Continental System and his effort to impose French culture on them.

Napoleonic Code

Equality of all male citizens before the law
Religious toleration
Abolition of feudalism

The code embodied Enlightenment principles.
But women lost most of their rights of citizenship.

Napoleon’s invasion of Russia

too cold to last

Napoleon’s last bid for power

100 days

Congress of Vienna- key countries

Austria- Prince Klemens von Metternich
Russia- Tsar Alexander I
Prussia- King Frederick William III
Great Britain- Lord Robert Castlereagh
France- Prince Marquis de Talleyrand

Congress of Vienna (CoV)- main players and their goals

Metternich: Restore status quo * containment of France * balance of power * legitimacy
Alexander I: Holy alliance of Christian monarchs to suppress future revolutionaries
King Frederick III: Side with Russia
Lord Castlereagh: Prevent French military power
Talleyrand: Played leaders against each other

CoV- impact to key countries

Balance of power

Wanted to weaken France but not leave it powerless * Too weak and they might want revenge * If broken up, another country might be too strong
France remained a major, but diminished power

Restoration of Monarchs

Legitimacy- look to restore rulers who were considered to have a valid claim to a throne prior to Napoleon
Restoration of former monarchs would stabilize political relations * Restored monarchies in France, Portugal, Spain and Italy

CoV- chief goal

European leaders meet to restore order and try to undo the French Revolution

Goal: Establish collective security and stability * Restore the balance of power

CoV- alliances and legacy

The Congress was a victory for conservatives

Wanted to maintain tradition, no liberal reforms

Conservative Europe

Fear of the French Revolution’s legacy spurred countries to unite against revolution * Holy Alliance between Russia, Prussia and Austria basing their relations with other nations on Christian principles * Concert of Europe series of alliances that ensured nations would help one another if revolution occurred

Two issues

New boundaries did not consider culture, increased nationalism
Could not turn back the clock on revolutionary ideas

Legacy

Influenced world politics for the next 100 years
Maintained a balance of power
Created nationalist resentment due to foreign control
Could only suppress the ideals of the French Revolution for so long

Concert of Europe

From 1815 to 1914, the Concert of Europe established a set of principles, rules and practices that helped to maintain balance between the major powers after the Napoleonic Wars, and to spare Europe from another broad conflict.

Industrial Revolution- factors of production

Origins

Begin in Britain

Transitional process

Long, slow and uneven

Production shift

Simple hand tools to complex machines

New sources of power

Human and animal power replaced

Worldwide impact

Spread from Britain to the rest of Europe, North America and beyond

\ Factors of production

Land, labor and capital (wealth)

Examples

Natural resources (coal)
Developed banking system * Availability of bank loans
Growing overseas trade (demand for goods)
Stable government * Fair taxation * Free trade

Transition to factory system

Influences

Revolutions in agricultural production

Innovations

New patents, new discoveries
New transportation system

Means of production changed

Machined goods replaced handmade goods

Socioeconomic & environmental effects

Rural way of life disappeared
Villages grew into industrial towns/cities * Cities grew up and out * Skyscrapers/suburbs

\ Population explosion

Declining death rates and rising birth rates * Advances in hygiene, sanitation and medical care * Agricultural revolution reduced the risk of famine

New technology

New energy * Coal * Steam engine
New material * Improved methods of iron production

\ Industrial Revolution began with textiles

Putting out system

Raw cotton distributed to peasant families who spun thread into cloth
Skilled artisans finished and dyed cloth

Major inventions

Production slow under putting out system
Demand for cloth production led to inventions * Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water frame

Factories

Machines were large, built sheds to house them
Factories enabled mass production

\ Increased demand for faster and cheaper transportation led to investment

Investments enabled

Turnpikes
Canals
Bridges/upgraded harbors

Land transportation

Steam locomotive * Revolutionized transportation * Enabled growth of railways

Steam boat

Steam power used to improve shipping
Enabled faster river transportation

Women and children workers in industrial age

Exploitation

12-16 hour shifts
Exhaustion = accidents
No safety devices
Coal dust affected miners/textile workers
Illness/injury meant loss of job

Women workers

Often preferred * Cheaper wages * Adapted to machinery better than men
Impact on families * Tenements * Multi-family dwellings for the poor * Still had to care for family * Cope with sickness

Child labor

Wages helped family
Performed dangerous work
Child were beaten if idle
Orphans often hired
Uneducated and less likely to revolt

The working class protests

Protests in the workplace * Protested loss of jobs due to mechanization * Protesters were harshly repressed * Workers forbidden to organize
Methodist Church * Source of comfort for working class

Impacts of industrial revolution- positive and negatives

Socialism

Radical Socialism

The “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” would share profits and create economic equality
A period of cooperative living and education would take place
Classless society develops

Capitalism

Capitalist Systems

Class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat (working class) * Bourgeoisie - “haves” * Proletariat - “have-nots”
Struggle would lead workers to revolt
Proletariat overthrow of the bourgeoisie

Communism

Final phase of Marxism

A complete form of socialism, where all industries/businesses are owned by the people
All goods and services would be shared equally

Characteristics of Communism

Classless society
No private property
No government

Socialism/Communism Overview

The community or the state should own property and the means of production
Progress results when communities of producers cooperate for the good of all
Socialists believe that capitalist employers take advantage of workers
The community or state must act to protect workers
Capitalism creates unequal distribution of wealth and material goods
A better system is to distribute goods according to each person’s need

Capitalism Overview

Individuals own property and the means of production
Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest
Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for the consumer’s money * Each business tries to produce goods or services that are better & less expensive than those of competitors
Consumers compete to buy the best goods at the lowest prices
This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell
Government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency in business

Adam Smith’s views on economics

Professor at University of Glasgow in Scotland

Wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776

Book defended free economy/free markets

Based on the principle that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress * As a result, government should not interfere
Argument rested on the Smith’s “Three Natural Laws of Economics”

The law of self-interest * People work for their own good
The law of competition * Competition forces people to make a better product
The law of supply & demand * Enough goods will be produced a the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

Laissez faire economics

Economic policy of letting industry/business owners set working conditions without interference

French for “let do”

Argued that government regulations only interfered with wealth

Ex: High tariffs on foreign trade

Flow of commerce in the world market would lead to economic prosperity

Industrial Revolution People

Richard Arkwright - Spinning frame/water frame used to create yarn

Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Public transport and engineering, Great Western Railway

James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny

John Kay - Flying shuttle- weaving

Samuel Crompton - Combining spinning frame and jenny to create spinning mule

Duke of Bridgewater - Pioneer of canal construction

Charles (turnip) Townshend - Crop rotation

Thomas Newcomen - First practical fuel-burning engine

Jethro Tull - Seed drill

James Brindley - Canal (with the duke) and aqueducts

Abraham Darby - Pig iron fueled by coke rather than coal

Robert Trevithick - First high pressure steam engine

Humphry Davy - Chemist, davy lamp

Matthew Boulton - Financed James Watt

George Stephenson - Principle inventor of railroad locomotive

John MacAdam - Chemist, inventor

Thomas Telford - Engineer, infrastructure

James Watt - Steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton

Thomas Edison - Electric power, sound communication

Samuel Morse - Single wire telegraph system

Henry Bessemer - Steel making process

George Westinghouse - Railway air brake