U.S. History

The Treaty of Paris (1898)

1. Spain & America meet in Paris to 

2. sign a treaty

• The treaty made America more of a world-power

• Cuba was freed and made their own country 

○We have a military base on Guam

• Spain got $20 million 

• America took the Philippines 

• America took Puerto Rico

Anger in Cuba & the Philippines 

1. Citizens relieved at the beginning 

2. Cuba

• Platt Amendment

○Rules:

• Guantánamo Bay U.S. Military Base will be built 

• U.S. took over their economy so they wouldn't go into debt

3. Philippines 

• Bought for $20million 

• Emilio Aguindo

○Tries to kick the U.S. out

○A war begins between the revolutionaries & U.S. military 

• Gained independence after the world war

The Open Door Policy & the Boxer Rebellion 

1. Imperialism 

2. John M. Hay (Secretary of State)

• Wanting to set up a market in China

○Open Door Policy (1899)

    •Russia, France, Britain

○We began setting up a market but we didn't discuss with China 

3. Boxer Rebellion 

• Led by a martial arts group

• Chinese citizens began rebelling against the foreign powers in China

○The U.S. and other countries were going into China

• Lasted 55 Days

• 100,000 Chinese citizens died in the uprising
  

4. Rebellion made U.S. rethink imperialist expansion  

The Panama Canal

1. U.S. wanted to connect the pacific ocean with the Atlantic (For naval reasons)

2. U.S. sought to be imperialistic 

3. There had been discussion of building a shortcut through Central America

4. Colombia

• U.S. wanted to build a Canal in the Panama Location

○Because there was already a tiny body of water to work with

• Colombia owned the Panama area

• Declined U.S.’ request to build there

5. Revolution in Panama

The Panamanian people revolted after the reject 

• 1903 November 3rd

• Panamanian people establishing a new gov. 

• U.S. agrees to pay $250,000 a year to Colombia to pay for the Canal

○Gave $10,000,000 at the start (paid 20 million in the end)

6. December 31st 1999

• U.S. gave Panama control to the Canal

7. Roughly 14,000 ships per year pass through the Canal today

The U.S. “Backs Off”

1. U.S. had become a world power

2. Eased down on imperialist expansion so they can maintain their partnerships and trade

Introduction to World War I

1. Militarism 

2. Alliances were being formed

3. Triple Alliance (Axis)

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Italy

4. Triple Entente (Allies)

• Great Britain

• France

• Russia

5. War was initiated by the Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassination 

The United States and World War I

1. By April 1917

• The lusitania sunk (1915)

○Cruise line ship that killed 120 American

• The Zimmermann Note

○Germany's attempt to get Mexico to join them and have Mexico attack the U.S.

○Germany said they'd get back some of the land for Mexico that the U.S. took

• War posters were being put up

• America had 150,000 soldiers in their military

○By the end of the war, they had 5 million 

○Shifted to focusing on the military 

• Triage

• The Red Cross - Trying to help the Triage

○Saving thousands of lives 

○Medical technology advancement

World War I Home Front

1. Espionage Act and Sedition Act

• Must not complain about the U.S. and it's military 

• Arrested those who talked poorly of the U.S.

2. American Protective League

• League worked with the FBI to identify spies, draft-dodgers, and anti-war organizations 

3. U.S. needed war supplies for the Allies

4. U.S. was in the war for 1 year

5. Hollywood was producing propaganda films

6. Women were filming the roles of men in factories 

7. Children were being raised without their fathers

8. NWLB (National War Labor Board)

• Maintaining Industrial Stability 

9. War Bonds

10. Liberty Bonds

• Go to raise 17 million dollars for the war effort

• Gained interest for up to 30 years

WWI - Trench Warfare

1. Trench system to try and use more weaponry, and protect the soldiers

2. Wars used to be fought more hand-to-hand combat

3. Series of trenches 

4. No man's land - Visible to the other side

5. Germany had the most advanced trenches

WWI - Crossroads: Old and New Weaponry 

1. Poisonous gasses 

• Chlorine gas

• Mustard gas

• Originally just used by the Germans

• Smokey haze that was dimly lit

2. Shift from muskets to long-range rifles

3. Moving away from close-combat

Tank - Was named that because British were trying to hide them as weapons because they were new, so the ships carrying them sometimes were considered “tanks” for water tanks

• There was much destruction to cities and towns in countries over in Europe

Poppies dedicated flower to the fallen - Flanders Field Poem

9 Million soldiers died in total during WWI

The War at Sea

1. Britain - Greatest navy at the time 

• Created a blockade (in the North Sea) to make sure the Germans couldn't get supplies

2. Germans  

• They would sink other ships from beneath

•  Created u-boats and submarines in response to the blockade, so they could go under the blockade 

• Set up underwater mines to sink ships

• Sank the Lusitania (1915) 

○A British cruiseliner/steamliner

○They believed the British had munitions for the war aboard it

• They were correct

                         ○129 Americans onboard

Wilson's Fourteen Points

1. Wilson was more of a thinker

2. The 14 points

• At the Paris Peace conference 

○Establish new rules to prohibit another world war from Starting again

• Total freedom of the seas

○Open up fair trade for all nations

• No secret military alliances

• Self-determination

○Nations controlling colonies would give them independence 

• League of Nations

○Organization to solve world problems (the UN is similar)

3. The League of Nations was the only thing that took off

• The U.S. didn't join

• Wilson got sick and suffered a stroke

Warren Harding Era

1. Warren Harding (r. 1921-1923) 

• Died in office

• Republican 

• Pro-business president (tend to be Republicans)

○Wanting businesses to thrive on their own

○More hands off with businesses 

• Limits immigration 

2. Andrew Mellon

3. William Taft was appointed to the Supreme Court

4. Teapot Dome Scandal

• The Secretary of Interior (Albert Fall

○Rented public lands to private oil companies 

• Harding didn't know about this

5. Ohio Gang

• Compromised of Harding's poker playing friends

• Most of the friends were given jobs in the White House

• Embezzling money

6. Businesses were given tax cuts

7. Harding died was sick and died in a hotel

Civil Liberties 

1. ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) 

• Formed in the 1920s 

• Still exists today

• To defend the individual rights of every person

• Became active during the Palmer Raids 

○The raids were formed by the Department of Justice to arrest suspected anarchists against the U.S.

2. The Red Scare

• Fear of communism and anarchists

• Over 500 people were deported due to the Palmer Raids

3. NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) 1909

• To work for equality 

• Stop racial discrimination

4. Anti-Defamation League 1913

• Non-government group

• Worked for Jewish rights and civil rights for all 

5. The government cannot take away Civil rights 

6. Marvin Garvey 

Nativism - Red Scare

1. Russia underwent a massive change in their government system

• By the end of WWI

• Communism

2. The Bolshevik Revolution 

• October 1917

• Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin

• Transformed Russia into the first communist nation on earth

• Red was the main color of communism and the revolution 

3. Immigration was more question for the U.S. due to communism

4. The Quota System - 1921

• How many immigrants may enter per year

5. Nicola Sacco & Bartolomei Vanzetti - Two Italian immigrants 

• Accused of murder and robbery

• Only evidence they had was it was all circumstantial 

• They both had been members of the communist party 

• Though they were not found guilty, they were sentenced to death in the electric chair

6. Nativism

7. J. Edgar Hoover became the head of the FBI

8. FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

9. U.S. Capitalism 

Boston Police Strike of 1919

1. Police officers went on strike 

• Due to their wages

○$1400 per year, but they had to pay $200 per year for equipment 

• Chief Edwin Curtis

○Denied the request for the officers to form a labor union 

• Andrew Peter's

○Mayor of Boston

○Attempted to create a peaceful solution 

2. “Agents of Lenin” were what the strikers were called

• Basically saying they wanted to be communists

• Vladimir Lenin turned Russia into the USSR

3. Samuel Gompers 

• Head of the American Federation of Labor Union

• Wanted to stop the strike

• Advised officers to go back

○Chief Curtis refused to hire the strikers back

○Calvin Coolidge didn't want the officers back

4. They hired a whole new police force 

5. Calvin Coolidge was Governor of Massachusetts at the time

Boom in Industry 

1. The Roaring 20s (1920s)

2. Economy exploded

3. America didn't need to recover from the war physically 

• Europe was, so they bought many products from us

4. “Do you have the newest..?” concept

5. The Ford car

• Model T

• Mass produced 

• Had people with different jobs 

○One person adds one part to a car, making production quicker

• Status system 

  6. The concept of credit became a thing

• So people were buying things with credit

• Where you pay that over time

• The Installment Plan

7. farmers were more successful after WWI 

Impact of the 19th Amendment 

1. Giving women the right to vote 

2. Women's Rights Movement

• Started at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

3. NWSA (National Woman Suffrage Association 

4. The Wyoming Territory 

• First area to allow women to vote

• Many more states followed their lead

5. Tennessee had to decide because there was a tie between yes and no

6. 1920, 8 million women voted in the U.S. election 

7.  Carrie Chapman Catt

• Was lobbying the government for Women's rights

○In D.C.

• Became president of the WSM

• Founded the League of Women Voters 

• Formed the International Alliance of Women

8. Alice Paul

• Strategist 

○Figured out the best course of action 

• She organized the Women's Suffrage Procession

○Suffrage Parade 

○They had the parade a day before the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson

Calvin Coolidge Era

All about Calvin Coolidge

1. President Harding died

• Calvin Coolidge was Vice, so he took over as President (1923-1929)

2. “Silent Cal”

• Very low-key character 

3. Handled  the Teapot Dome Scandal 

• Fired Albert Falls

4. Pro-business 

• He was a republican that gave tax cuts

5. Believed in “Laissez-faire” business policies 

• Hands-off approach to business rules and regulations 

6. Re-elected 1924

7. Coolidge rejected U.S. membership in the League of Nations

8. Raised tariffs on goods coming into the U.S.

9. Isolating the U.S. a bit from other nations

Culture

1. Casual dating became more of a thing

2. Women would cut their hair shorter

3. Flappers

• A dress

• Called that way for the way it moved when women danced

4. Parties were a large thing 

5. Shift in Women's fashion trends

• Signified the departure from social expectations and a desire for self-expression 

Emergence Of Radio & Film

1. Mediums

2. Radios

• August 31st 1920, first radio News program broadcast out of Detroit 

• Had to rely on the newspaper to know what was happening in the world

• October 1920, first entertainment broadcast took place (spanned 100mi)

• First stations were owned by companies

• Newspapers would broadcast their news

• 1920s-1950s, Radios would be the “TV” of that time 

3. Films

• 1920s was a good time for the economy

• Hollywood starting making silent movies

• The Jazz singer (the first talkie)

• By 1925 there were 25,000 cinemas in the U.S. with over 100 million attending weekly 

The Harlem Renaissance 

1. Called the Harlem Renaissance because it took place mainly in Harlem N.Y.

2. Zoom Suits

• Loose fitting clothing for men

• So men could dance in suits

3. New style of piano music

• Harlem Stride Style

4. Jazz became more of a thing

• Led by African-Americans

• Brought White culture and Black culture together a bit more

5. Dance clubs were starting up

6. Langston Hughes

• African-American poet

• Wrote “Jazz poetry” 

• Wrote about lower social-economic lifestyle if African-Americans

○To bring awareness to how it is for working class African-Americans

Prohibition

1. The Roaring Twenties

2. Temperance Movement

• Older generation wanting to calm the partying down

• 1919 Volstead Act

○Stopping the manufacturing of alcohol 

• 18th Amendment made it illegal to buy, drink, or make alcohol 

3. Elliott Ness

• Made sure there was no distribution or consumption of alcohol 

4. Bootleggers

• Illegal transport of alcohol 

• Al Capone was a famous bootlegger 

Fundamentalism 

1. Speakies 

2. Fundamentalists

• Rooted in religion

• Telling people that the recklessness would make God punish us

• Arrest on a teacher for talking about human evolution

○John Scopes

○Because of the religious point of view

○Anti-Evolution     

Impact On Main Street

1. Job loss

• Factories, stores, and businesses were closing

• 15 million Americans had lost their job by 1933 due to lack of consumer spending (1 in 4)

2. Homelessness 

• Due to unemployment, people can't afford to live in a home

• 1930s, banks started foreclosing homeowners who didn't make payments 

• Shantytowns were shacks people made in public parks 

○Also known of “Hoovervilles” because of President Herbert Hoover to blame him for the depression 

3. Suicide rates went up 30%

4. Illness

• Children especially 

• This is due to the living conditions if shantytowns 

• Food and clean water were hard to come by

5. Racial tensions

• African-Americans were the first to lose their jobs

Economic Ideas of the 1930s

1. Keynesianism 

• John Maynard Keynes

○Believed that the demands for goods and services will determine the overall of economic prosperity 

○Believed the Government needs to get involved with weak economy 

• Wave of economic thinking 

2. Stagflation

• 1950s-1970s

• A period of high unemployment and inflation 

• The economy did not move (stagnant)

3. Milton Friedman

• Economist 

• Believed a certain amount of unemployment was healthy

• Too much unemployment is a problem for consumer spending

• Wanted to find a balance that worked

• Mentioned the printing of more money

Herbert Hoover Era

1. Herbert Hoover,  president (1928-)

• Former Secretary of Commerce 

• Worked for President Harding (1921-1923)

• Carried 40 states in the election

• Republican (3rd Republican president in a row)

• “I have no fears for the future of our country. It is bright with hope”

• Believed in Rugged Individualism

○A person should take care of themselves 

○Not have the government get involved

2. The Great Depression 

• Seven months later - the stock market crashed

• Rugged Individualism was trying to be used during this time

3. Boulder Dam

• Project

• Hoover attempted it (1931-1936)

• Cost $49million to construct

• Took five years to build the dam

• Los Vegas 

• Named the Hoover Dam after some time

Creation of Federal Reserve

1. Federal Reserve (1913)

• Under the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson

• To provide the nation with a safer and more stable monetary system 

• 12 Regional Banks

○Supervise the commercial banks (local) 

○Look to fix problems in commercial banks to keep the economy going

• Member of the Fed

○Only 38% of all banks in the U.S. are members of the Fed

• Bank for banks

○If a bank is in need of a loan, they need to pay it back

○Can be denied loans or any other form of money requested 

○Using interest 

2. Interest Rates

• Citizens have to pay that for commercial banks to pay to the Fed

• Lower rates are better

• The Fed is in control of the interest rates

Hoovervilles

1. Hoovervilles/Shantytowns 

• Herbert Hoover was President 

○Believed in Rugged Individualism 

○Didn't interfere much during the Great Depression 

• Local parks made make-shift shacks to live in

Refugees

1. Dust Bowl

• Dakotas down to Texas

• Going to cause drought

• Sharecroppers are farmers that live and work on land but don't own it

• Sharecroppers were kicked out

2. Route 66

• Major highway across the U.S.

• Sharecroppers from the Midwest went to California 

○Because people in California were looking for grape pickers (and people for other positions)

○250,000 people went to California 

○A lot of jobs were gone

3. Grapes of Wrath book

• Follows of Jode family from Oklahoma 

• Talking about the Dust Storms and having to get a job

FDR & The Brain Trust

1. Franklin D. Roosevelt 

• Democrat that broke the pattern of Republican presidents

• Promised to make government end the Great Depression

2. New Deal

3. Brain Trust

• Made up of intelligent people who understood the economy

• Roosevelt wanted then to help with the economy 

• Tasked will Finding a solution for America's financial crisis

New Deal 1

1. Brain Trust and Franklin D. Roosevelt 

2. Homelessness needed to be dealt with

3. All banks were shut down for 3 days 

• If a bank had closed and you didn't get your money out, you lost it all

• Brain Trust wanted people to regain confidence in banks 

• Banks needed the money to give out for loans by having people put money in

4. Glass Steagall Banking Act

• Ensure bank accounts

• Federal deposit insurance 

• Called the FDIC today

5. NRA - National Recovery Administration 

• Programs for work 

6. CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps

• Action on the problems in the Midwest 

• Young Men were hired to plant thousands of pine trees, which would serve as a barrier to the wind

• Prevent the dust storms from continuing 

• The men had to be single - they wouldn't have attachments to worry about

7. WPA - 

• Any letter group with a W meant “work”

• To get problems jobs

8. FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Agency

• First food stamps the U.S. ever had 

• The stamps were to help the poor get food

• The food being bought would help farmers and economy

9. HOLC - Home Owners Loan Corporation 

• Trying to get people out of Shantytowns 

• People could apply for cheap home loans

10. AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act

• Telling farmers to stop planting because of the surplus 

• The farmers were paid to stop farming

• The surplus had led to a server drop in food prices

11. TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority 

• Starting to build hydroelectric dams across the Tennessee Valley region

○Providing jobs and power

• Electric lines were established 

The New Deal Coalition 

1. The New Deal Coalition - An alignment of people and interest groups

• Supported the New Deal

2. Process of the New Deal Coalition 

• Only Republican elected during the time from 1932-1960 was Dwight D. Eisenhower (1952-1960)

○He started the interstate highway system in the 1950s

• FDR

○Had labor unions on his side

○Blue collared workers on his side

○He addressed minorities

○His cabinet included the first woman (Francis Perkins)

○Farmers on his side

○Was elected a record of four times

3. Post-FDR

• Roosevelt died in 1945

• Harry Truman continued the New Deal programs

• Government still played a major role in the U.S. 

4. 1960s - Shift

• Civil Rights Movement 

• Democrats were being blamed for promising but not implementing change

5. 1968 - The New Deal Coalition ended

Opposition to the New Deal

1. Socialism

• Mix of private ownership and the government providing for the nation

• FDR & The New Deal was being labeled socialist

2. Taxes increased on the rich during The New Deal because the government went into debt

3. Huey Long - Governor of Louisiana 

• “Share the Wealth campaign”

• Believed that there should be more government involvement 

• Poised to run against FDR

• Assassinated 

4. Charles Coughlin 

• Roman Catholic Priest

• Had a radio show (almost like FDR with Fireside chats) 

• Believed FDR was becoming a king with too much power

• 1939 - His radio show got canceled due to WWII

○He almost was reflecting ideas similar to Adolf Hitler

5. FDR was reelected more by citizens

New Deal 2

1. 1936 - FDR is still working on the damage of the Great Depression 

2. NYA - National Youth Administration 

• Reopening schools

• Teenagers were provided part-time job

○Because then teenagers would still go to school

3. WPA - Works Progress Administration 

• Wanted to create 11 million jobs

○Cost $8million to achieve 

• Tried to give people their old jobs back

• Wanted to give people a job they love

4. Social Security 

• Help Americans who could not obtain an income

○Due to age or disability 

• People over the age of 65 and orphans qualified 

• Payments to those who are unemployed 

Financial New Deal

1. Banking Act

• FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 

○Protects money in savings account

• Loans all go through banks 

2. Securities and Exchange Commission - SEC (1934)

• Watchdog for the economy 

• Maintain the buying and selling of stocks

3. Labor Unions

• Labor Unions memberships were dropping

4. CIO - Congress of Industrial Organizations (1935)

• Concentrated on unskilled labor

• Factory worked had a voice as the economy improved

• Wagner Act

○Allows Strikes to be legal 

○Encourage Collective Bargaining 

• Where both sides sit down to come to a conclusion 

5. The American Communist Party

Impact of World War II 

1. The Great Depression ended

2. America will fight in the Pacific and Europe

3. Tensions between nations were rising in Europe

4. Pearl Harbor

• 1941

• When the U.S. joined the war

5. Lend-Lease Act

• Where the U.S. would lend or lease weapons or supplies for money

6. Unemployment began the drop in the U.S. 

7. WWII gave the U.S. an economic boost

8. Many African Americans migrated from the south to the north

The Rise of the Dictators in Europe

1. Adolf Hitler

• Chancellor of Germany 1933

• Was Austrian

• Nazi Party - fascist 

○Talked about the greatness of Germany

• Gained more control because the President was old and he wasn't

• Book “Mein Kampf” (“My Struggle”)  

• Elected President by 1934 - Fuhrer (Leader)

2. Bonito Mussolini

• 1922 - Prime Minister 

• Promised to restore the old Roman Empire

• Fascism - Extreme Nationalism (they think they're the best)

3. Mussolini & Hitler developed a friendship and military alliance

4. Joseph Stalin

• Vladimir Lenin died (1924) and Stalin was like his student for communism 

• Stalin would take over as a leader 

5. Mussolini & Hitler did NOT like Communism 

6. Francisco Franco

• A coup was taking over Spain

• He was a fascist 

• He would remain neutral during WWII

Hitler and the Nazis

1. Jewish population was being blamed for economic problems 

2. Hitler fought in WWI for the Germans

3. Hitler was Austrian originally

4. Hitler was arrested - 1922 for attempting a government coup

5. Hitler joins the Nazi Party - and they were significantly small at the time 

6. Master race - Pure Germans

• Blonde hair and blue eyes

• PURE German descent 

7. Nationalism 

Appeasement 

1. Appeasement 

2. Hitler took over Austria with an agreement he tricked the leader into

3. Hitler started to take over Czechoslovakia

4. The Munich Pact - 1938

• Leaders of Germany, Italy, Britain, and France

• Meet in Munich

• Talking about what Hitler was up to

• Hitler claimed that German people that were in Sudetenland (which was a part of Czechoslovakia) were being abused by the Czechs

• An agreement was made to let Hitler have Sudetenland in order to “protect” the people 

5. Hitler ended up taking Czechoslovakia

6. Non-Aggression Pact - 1939

• Between Joseph Stalin and Hitler

• An agreement was made between Germany and the USSR

○Stated neither nation would attack the other

○The Soviet Union wasn't willing or prepared to fight Germany

• Also agreed that Germany and the USSR would divide Poland in half

7. Hitler attacked Poland - 1939 (The Start of WWII)

The Takeover of Europe

1. Mussolini & Hitler had a plan to takeover the world

2. The Austrian leader (Kurt Von Schuschnigg) at the time was a chain smoker

• Hitler had a meeting with him and asked him not to smoke

• Made the leader fidgety 

• Manipulation 

3. Phony war

• The French were prepared for Hitler but he didn't come

• France put their guard down

• Blitzkrieg 

4. 1940 June 25th, France surrenders in Paris

5. Hitler kept bombing London

6. Air raids were used again Great Britain to try and make them give up

7. Winston Churchill vowed to never surrender 

8. Hitler called of his air attack on Great Britain (1940)

9. Germany broke the Non-Aggression Pact with the USSR

10. Operation Barbarossa 

The Holocaust 

1. Nuremberg Laws

• All Jewish person in German had to wear a yellow star (star of david)

• Ghettos (ethnic part of town)

• All jews had to live in ghettos

2. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

• November 9-10, 1938

• Nazi troops storm the Jewish Ghettos and forcibly removed all jews

• Jewish businesses were ransacked 

• Synagogues burned

• Glass was everywhere 

• Jews were sent to the camps

3. Camps

• 6 million jews killed

Pearl Harbor 

1. The U.S. was isolated 

2. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor

3. December 8th, the U.S. declared war on Japan

4. Manchuria - 1931

• Japan wanted to branch out into the pacific 

• Japan invaded a portion of China called Manchuria

The Home Front Gets Ready

1. U.S. had to fight in Europe for WWII and in the Pacific 

2. Costly

3. Selective Service - The Draft

• The U.S. was not ready military wise

• First draft - September 10th, 1940

• 10 million men were drafted 

• 10 million men volunteered to fight

4. “Work or fight”

5. WAC

• Women served many vital roles for the war effort

• Women's Auxiliary Army Corps

○When women could first be a part of the military 

○Couldn't fight exactly

6. African-Americans moved into Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago 

• Searching for industrial work

• The Great Migration 

7. OSRR - Office of Scientific Research and Development 

• U.S. Gov. Work on technology to support war

• RADAR and SONAR

○Planes and submarines 

• Manhattan Project Started

8. Japanese-Americans

• Americans grew fearful of Japanese descent 

• Japanese Americans were relocated to “internment camps”

• The Japanese were told it was for their own safety, but it was a requirement 

• Lasted the duration of the war

• Fear that they were spies

9. Rationing

• Food stamps

○Required to buy meat, sugar, bread, or vegetables 

• The less materials used by citizens, the more that could be used for the war

Civil Rights Expand

Women’s Strike for equality

Equal rights Amendment

ERA

National Organization for Women

Asian American Movement

Agricultural Labor Relations Act

UFWOC

The longest walk

BIA

AIM

The Death of Leaders

A. John F. Kennedy - November 22, 1963

1. Era of America called “Camelot” - The perfect society and leader

3. Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated him

B. Malcolm X

1. Killed by three members of the the Nation of Islam

2. Began to shift his beliefs and say not all whites were racist

C. Martin Luther King Jr. - April 4, 1968

1. Traveled to Memphis Tennessee for a peaceful March

2. Shot on his balcony outside his hotel room

3. James earl Ray was hunted down and arrested

D. Robert F. Kennedy - June 5, 1968

1. Brother of John F. Kennedy was running for thr white house

2. Front-runner for president

3. Was shot in the head

4. Siriano sentenced to death

Laws Are Passed

A. Civil Rights Act - 1964

1. Passed by President Lyndon Johnson

2. Outlawed segregation in public places

B. Voting Rights Act

1. Literacy Tests - Check a person’s ability to read and write in order to have the right to vote - They were banned

2. People had the right to vote

C. Civil Rights Act - 1968

1. Law banned discrimination in housing

2. People couldn’t be told that they weren’t allowed to live somewhere

D. 1866 - Civil Rights Act passed

Kennedy's Domestic Policy

A. John F. Kennedy came into office when the economy wasn’t doing as well

B. Farm incomes fell 25%

C. Kennedy proposed cutting taxes; to increase consumer spending

D. Kennedy proposed minimum wage increase

E. Recession began to ease off a bit

F. The Block of James Meredith's enrollment in the University of Mississippi

1. He was the first African-American

2. Kennedy responded by sending U.S. Marshall’s- Allowing Meredith to go

G. March on Washington

1. To be led by Martin Luther King

2. JFK feared violence

3. Sent Federal troops to guard the 250,000 marchers

4. Peaceful March

V-E Day

1. V(ictory in)-E(urope) Day

• The end of WWII for Europe

2. Benito Mussolini was executed by his own people (April 28th, 1945)

• Once the Allies arrived in Italy

• His body was hung in Milan Square

• Italian resistance killed him

• His girlfriend was also hung 

• People tore his body off

3. Hitler committed suicide (April 30th, 1945)

• Hitler got married right before

• Then he shoots himself and his wife takes poison 

• Told the Nazi guards to torch the bunker

Iwo Jima & Okinawa

1. Island hopping

2. Iwo Jima

• Operation Detachment 

○Launched by the U.S.

○Key island in the campaign for launching an invasion on Japan

• Located close to Japan 

• Contained two vital airfields that both Japan and America found important 

• Small

• 9.1 square miles

• Japanese soldiers would often commit suicide 

○Japanese combat deaths were three times that of Americans

• Japanese heavily fortified the island

• Japanese weren't allowed to retreat 

• 216 of 21,000 Japanese soldiers remained alive

• Fight Lasted 5 weeks

• 6821 American soldiers dead, 19,217 suffered injuries

3. Okinawa

•  Operation Iceberg 

• Largest amphibious assault in the Pacific theater

• 82-day battle (April through june)

• Series of battles around the Island

• Kamikaze pilots

○Introduced 

○Suicide pilots 

○Would fly their planes deliberately into American battleships 

○1465 Kamikaze attacks would sink 16 ships and damage another 80

• Allied deaths: 20, 195

• Japanese deaths: 77, 166

Hiroshima, Nagasaki, & the Surrender

1. FDR dies (April 12, 1945)

2. Harry Truman becomes president 

3. Manhattan Project

• U.S. was developing the world's first atomic bomb

• The OSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Development) had to inform President Truman

• July 16th, 1945, the Trinity Test

○Successfully detonated the world's first atomic bomb

• Truman had to decide between losing half a million soldiers and dropping the atomic bomb on Japan

4. Hiroshima - First bomb was dropped on (August 6th, 1945)

• Bomb known as “Little Boy”

Contained 15 kilotons of TNT

• ≈125,000 Japanese citizens killed

• Destroyed the entire town

• Japanese didn't surrender 

5. Nagasaki - Second bomb dropped on (August 9th, 1945)

• 75,000 Japanese citizens killed

• Smaller target 

• Bomb known as “Fat Man” Contained 21 kilotons of TNT

• This made the Japanese surrender 

6. Another bomb was headed to another destination - it was never dropped

7. (August 15th, 1945) Japan announced that they were to surrender

8. (Sep 2, 1945) Office ceremony of surrender took place in the U.S.S. Missouri 

• In Tokyo Bay

• The signing of surrender from both sides

WWII Advancements

1. Aviation 

• WWII saw the extensive use of planes

• Aerial combat

• Monoplane

○Replaced the biplane

○1920s

○Engine power 

○Allowed radar tracking

2. The jeep was developed during WWII

• First all terrain vehicle 

• 4x4

• Mass-produced 

3. V-2 rocket 

• First developed in Germany

• To launch the space industry

4.  Missiles 

5. Atomic Bomb

6. Sonar

• Tracking submarines 

• Underwater radar

7. Medicine 

• Penicillin 

• Morphine

• Pain killers were created

• DDT

8. Aeromedical evacuation 

• Flight for wounded soldiers

• Transportation for wounded soldiers to safety

Post WWII World Affairs

1. Allies Won

2. Post-war Great Britain

• Needed to regroup and rebuild 

• Bombarded by the Axis power mainly

• Was incredibly worn out

3. Power-struggle in Europe

• USSR trying to spread communism 

• Turkey and Greece had government problems 

○Would turn communist 

○The U.S. Promised to stop communism  - so the U.S. stepped in

• Great Britain couldn't spread democracy 

• U.S. and USSR were Great Powers

4. Great Britain gave up being a Great Power

The Aftermath of WWII

1. Germany

• Believed for causing WWI and WWII

• A military occupation would exist from 1945-1949

○Four military zones

○Controlled by Great Britain, France, U.S., and the USSR

• Other countries didn't want Germany to be a Great Power

2. Nuremberg Trials

• Following the Holocaust 

• 1945-1949 - 13 Trials were held

• Took place in Nuremberg, Germany

• 12 of 13 Nazi defendants were sentenced to death (by hanging)

• (2020) a 93 year old former Nazi prison guard was found guilty of 5,230 counts of murder

3. Israel 

• Jews asked for their homeland to be recreated

• Jews feared what happened in Europe during the war

• Harry Truman immediately acted on this

• Took Palestine for the recreation of Israel (1948)

○Palestinian people had their nation taken away

○Decades of violence would happen

Four Freedoms Speech

1. FDR gave the speech (1941)

• He was in his 3rd term

• State of the Union address 

○President’s ideas on what they wish to do

2. The speech was about: The Freedoms of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want (economic health), and freedom from fear 

3. FDR wished to end isolation 

4. FDR sort of promoted the Lend-Lease Act in speech (to aid Europe in war)

5. Criticism on speech because of his want to not isolationistS

• Thought he was putting us in the war

USSR Is The New Enemy

1. Cold war 1945-1991

• The USSR and U.S. fought verbally 

• Tensions were intense 

• People thought it would turn into WWIII

• Anything you can do I can do better sort of thing

2. Conference a few days before the atomic bombs on Japan

• Stalin offered to help Truman with Japan, but Truman declined

• Truman told every other Allied leader except for Stalin about the bombs

• Stalin wasn't told of the bombs because the U.S. didn't want him to start wanting one 

3. Winston Churchill made a speech and said “An Iron Curtain is about to fall in Europe”

• The line between democracy and communism 

4. Hydrogen bombs are made by the U.S. 

5. NATO - Gang of countries that help protect one another, including the U.S.

6. Warsaw Pact - The USSR'S version of NATO

7. C.I.A and K.G.B. (spies) 

Post WWII International World

1. United Nations (1942-)

• Following the fail of the League of Nations

• Designed to foster global equality 

• 50 Nations met in San Francisco (1945), 29 would ratify the UN charter

• UN home would be in N.Y.C.

• Declaration of Human Rights

○Sponsored by Eleanor Roosevelt 

○Addressed moral and legal obligation to take care of human rights

2. International Monetary Fund

• Created 1944

• Comprised of 189 Nations 

• Help to facilitate International trade and promote high employment 

• World Bank

○1944

○Provides loans to countries around the world

○Attempting to reduce poverty 

○In Washington D.C.

• General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade

○GATT

○Promotes reducing or eliminating Tariffs (taxes on imported good)

Containment 

1. U.S. and USSR fought to spread their system around the world

2. Democracy vs. Communism 

3. “Containment” - America not letting communism spread out from the Soviet Union 

4. Truman Doctrine - 1947

• Harry Truman was the first president of the Cold War

• Provided $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey in recovering from the war

5. Marshall Plan

• George Marshall introduced a plan to help nations in Europe

• 16 different nations would accept over $13 billion 

• Ensuring the communism wouldn't spill into these nations

6. Berlin Airlift

• USSR had the section of Germany with Berlin in it

• U.S. kept flying materials into Berlin after being told not to go in

• U.S. wanted to split Berlin

7. Moscow Plan - To spread communism across Europe

The Red Scare II

1. U.S. did NOT want communism to spread 

• “Containment” came from this

2. U.S. Believed in Capitalism 

3. HUAC (House Committee on Un-American Activities)

• Hollywood was a big place that they investigated

○Wanted to make sure communist Ideologies weren't being promoted in films

• Ended thirty years after it began

4. Hollywood Ten

5. Alger Hiss

• Accused of being a communist spy

• Arrested in 1949

• Found guilty and sentenced to five years of prison

• Evidence: Same fonting on his typewriter as the communists

6. The Rosenbergs

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 

• Arrested and put on trial (1953)

• Accused of passing secrets on how to make an Atomic bomb to the USSR

• They were sentenced to death via the electric chair 

The Taft-Hartley Bill

1. The New Deal

• Strikes were legalized 

• Collective Bargaining also was legalized 

2. Wages went down

• Five million Americans went in strike

• Workers began demanding better wages and working conditions 

• This could've let to another great depression 

3. Taft-Hartley Bill

• Eliminate spur of the moment Strikes (a.k.a Wildcat strikes)

• Forbid Unions to donate to political campaigns

• Puts rules to strikes

4. Truman's Reaction

• Immediately vetoed the bill

• Congress overrode Truman's veto and passed the bill anyway 

• Helped him get Re-elected because he told them he vetoed the bill and this was appealing to the labor unions and workers

5. 25% of American workers were in unions?

Truman's Domestic Policy

1. GI Bill of Rights (Passed in 1944)

• Wanting to make sure the economy stayed on track

• Returning soldiers would qualify for living allowances 

○Cheap home loans

○College tuition 

○Medical treatment 

*All paid for the Government.

• Could help soldiers get a better-paying Job

2. Employment Act of 1946

• An organization called Council of Economic Advisors was created

• Worked to maximize employment in the U.S.

• Council worked on purchasing power of consumers and employment rates

• Economic boom was created due to this

3. Taft-Hartley Act

• Government took action to make sure that certain union activity didn't exist

• Closed Shop 

○Exists if everyone who works at a certain location is forced to be a part of the union 

4. Fair Deal (1949)

• Proposed by Truman

• Working to add housing, health insurance, education, Agricultural subsidies, flood control, slum clearance, and soil conservation 

• Would create jobs

• The problem was, the government would directly impact people's lives

5. 22nd Amendment 

• Government made the term limits for Presidency is 2

• Because FDR was reelected 4 times 

Ike's Civil Rights

1. (September 1957) The Civil Rights Act was passed

• Gave African Americans full voting rights

• Because of Brown v. Board of Education (1954]

○Desegregated all public schools 

2. Little Rock High School

• Nine students attempted to desegregate the high school

• Eisenhower sent in Federal troops

• “Little Rock Nine” entered the high school without violence 

3. First legislation passed since 1875

Sputnik/Flopnik, & the U-2

1. Space Race

2. Sputnik

• Launched by September 4, 1957

• The Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space

• First thing man-made that went out to space

• Orbited earth for three weeks

• The USSR had beaten the U.S. to space 

3. American Government feared nuclear warheads

4. Flopnik (not the official name)

• The U.S. attempted to launch its own satellite 

• Failed attempt; the rocket blew up on the launch pad

• “Flopnik” because it flopped

5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - 1958

6. U-2

• May 1, 1960

• First spy plane 

• Could fly higher than any aircraft in the atmosphere 

• Almost impossible to track for a long time 

• Was show down by the USSR

• Franic Gary Powers was the pilot

○Spy for the U.S.

○Was supposed to inject himself if caught and it would kill him instantly

○He didn't inject himself 

○He was captured and sentenced to ten years of prison 

7. Not a good time for the U.S…

Post WWII Job Trends

1. White collar jobs

1. Majority or American workers had this type of job

2. Needed a more advanced education 

3. The G.I. Bill helped this move along

   Service Secctor jobs where called White Collar Jobs 

1. The G.I. Bill Impact

1. Allowing WWII veterans to go to college for free

2. Architects, auditors, engineers, doctors, lawyers, pharmacists, and managers rised at a rapid rate

3. The hope was that this wouldn’t send the country into another economic depression

2. New housing 

3. More schools being built

4. Fast food restaurants 

5. U.S. was able to become a service sector country

1. Service Sector

   1. Service 

      1. Shipping products

      2. Healthcare - Helping someone with an illness they may have

      3. The entertainment industry 

   2. Seen to make a country better

Post WWII Mexican Immigration 

1. The end of the Mexican-American War in 1848 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1. U.S. annexed what used to be Northern Mexico 

2. 50,000 Mexicans became U.S. Citizens

2. The Bracero Program

1. Instituted by the U.S. Gov. 

2. 1942, caused a need for workers of all kinds

3. Male mexicans came to aid with work in the U.S. 

4. Six month work visas 

3. Operation Wetback

1. When the war ended, soldiers came back

2. Immigration limits were the needed

3. The U.S. Border Patrol  

4. A way to deport undocumented migrant workers

4. Large Mexican Communities located in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Houston

Post WWII Technology Advancement 

1. The Co-lasses

2. First message sent via technology was sent in the 1960s - Between two governments

3. Vaccinations 

Post WWII Popular Culture 

1. Change in teenager behavior 

1. High school was a common at that point

2. Bit of a generational gap

3. Automobile - Key social statement 

4. Teenagers were spending money more

5. The baby boom(ers) 

2. Sports

1. Stadiums being built

2. Jackie Robinson - Break the color barrier in Major League Baseball 

3. National Basketball Association (1949)

4. (1966) First ever Super Bowl

3. Baby Boom 

WWII Impact on Civil Rights 

1. A. Phillip Randolph 

1. Ready to begin marches and protests in Washington D.C. 

2. A major Civil Rights person

3. He suspended the movement to focus on WWII

2. Post WWII

1. Pres. Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981

• Abolished racial discrimination in the U.S. Armed Forces

• There wouldn't be black forces and white forces any longer

3. War Service 

1. 2.5 million African-Americans registered for the draft

• They faced segregation and discrimination 

• African American women volunteered to help as nurses 

4. Executive Order 8802

1. Prohibited racial discrimination 

2. Allowed thousands of African Americans to enter the workforce 

3. Signed by FDR

4. Was signed June 25, 1941

How Executive Orders work:

Civil Rights Court Cases

1. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

1. Scott was a slave - Brought from a slave state to a free state (slavery was illegal in a free state) by his owner

2. Scott's argument was that since he was residing in a free state, that would mean he should be free

3. Supreme Court told Dred Scott that he was not a citizen 

2. Plessy v. Ferguson 

1. 30 years after Civil War, 40 years after Dred Scott

2. Law of segregation (separate white and black facilities) was challenged 

3. Court ruled “Separate but equal”

3. Brown v. Board of Education 

1. A little girl going to school challenged the “separate but equal”

2. Linda Brown - Went to a school in Topeka, Kansas

• Had to walk across her town to go to an all black elementary school

• A white school was right near her house 

3. High court ruled 9-0 to overturn the Plessy Case

4. Segregation in public schools was banned

4. Regents v. Bakke

1. Ferment of Action

2. In the late 1970’s

3. Supreme Court heard a case on the color on college enrollment and admissions

4. Affirmative Action

5. Colleges were being encouraged to look at enrolling different raced and making colleges more diverse

6. Court ruled racial quotas were not allowed

7. California Proposition 209

• Prohibit public institutions from discrimination on ethnicity, sex, or race

• An Amendment 

Impact of Thurgood Marshall

1. Thurgood Marshall - 

1. First African-American on the Supreme Court

2. Argued against the “separate but equal”

3. Served on the Supreme Court for 24 years, retiring in 1991

4. He didn't demand an African American to replace him, he just wanted them to pick a judge based on skill

5. President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 named Marshall the first African American Solicitor General in the U.S. 

6. A part of the Brown vs. Board of Education 

• NAACP was representing Linda Brown

7. He was a lawyer for the National Association for The Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• Worked mainly with education segregation 

2. Clarence Thomas replaced Thurgood Marshall

3. Solicitor General is the fourth highest rank in the U.S. Department of Justice 

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1. Montgomery Improvement Association - The Letter

1. Four days after Parks’ arrest 

2. A letter was distributed to African-Americans to boycott the Montgomery busses

2.  Segregated bus seating

1. Black people sat in the back of the bus

3. Rosa Parks sat at the front of the bus

1. At the time, the city of Montgomery had a law which required African-Americans yo give their seat to any white person who asks

2. A white man asked Rosa to give up her seat and she said no

3. She was threatened to get off the bus 

4. She was arrested 

D. Law was passed that there would be desegregation on the busses

E. Christian Leadership Conference 

Little Rock and Birmingham 

1. The Little Rock Nine

1. Court case of Brown v. Board of Education 

2. Board of Education decided that they would desegregate their school system 

3. Nine African-Americans were accepted into the school

4. Students chosen for their skills

5. Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus declined the students

6. Eisenhower was called

2. Birmingham (or Bombingham) 

1. Had become the most racially charged cities

2. Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist group that bombed the church due to the decision to desegregate the school system

3. Governor George Wallace (Alabama) was the leader of anti-desegregation

4. One of the most violent chapters of the Ku Klux Klan

• A bomb went off in the basement of the church

• Four young girls were killed

• Protests emerged

3. The American Indian Movement 

4. The Longest walk

Cuban Missile Crisis

1. 13 Days of there almost being a nuclear war around Cuba

2. U-2 Photos were taken of Cuba

1. An American U-2 spy plane took photos of Cuba

2. Photos showed Cuba building nuclear missile bases

3. CIA showed Kennedy the photos

3. JFK Response: If one missile was attacked from Cuba, we would've attacked the Soviet Union

4. Blockade

1. No ships would be allowed in or out ot Cuba

2. Soviet Ships were inbound to Cuba - Carrying Missiles to the island

3. Soviet ships turned around to avoid conflict 

5. The USSR and U.S. made a deal

1. The USSR would remove all Missiles from Cuba

2. Bobby Kennedy organized it

3. The U.S. Promised to never invade Cuba or remove Castro from power

6. The USSR and the U.S. made a holiness to one another

1. As to not repeat the Cuban Missile Crisis

2. No direct communication between the U.S. and Soviet Union prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis

3. Established August 30, 1963

7. Fidel Castro

1. Dictator 

2. Leader of the Communist Party 

3. Took over Cuba

4. Friends with Soviet Leader Nikita Khruschev

Impact of JFK Assassination

1. JFK was shot November 1963 - Beginning re-election campaign 

2. President made several trips to the state of Texas - Worth 25 electoral votes 

3. JFK traveled to Dallas for a luncheon that day

4. President Kennedy and Governor Connally were shot

5. Governor survived 

6. Lyndon B. Johnson - Vice President to Kennedy became president 

7. Warren Commission 

1. Issue findings in what happened to JFK 

2. Oswald never had a trial, so this was how they made up for it

3. Oswald acted alone in assassination 

8. Lee Harvey Oswald

1. JFK's assassinator 

2. Shot on live television shortly after

Lyndon B. Johnson's Domestic Policy 

1. Remembered for Vietnam 

2. LBJ wished to end poverty (He was poor as a child)

1. Increased Federal Spending helped poverty rate decrease 

3. Medicare and Medicaid were created

1. Medicare: Offered to those over 65 

2. Medicaid: Assisted with those on welfare and struggling

4. The Housing and Urban Development Act

1. Aiding those in the inner cities 

2. Helping to find suitable, affordable, and clean living spaces

3. $1 Billion a year Helping inner city communities 

5. LBJ worked hard on the Civil Rights Movement 

6. Banned discrimination in public places

7. Signed Voting Rights Act 

8. Signed Housing Bill

9. Public education became a large priority 

1. Libraries were built in schools 

2. Remedial education was offered to students falling behind

Cold War Map

1. Soviet Union Controlled Eastern Europe

2. Eisenhower Doctrine was passed (1950s)

1. Told the Soviet Union to stay out of the middle east

2. Passed by Dwight D. Eisenhower 

3. U.S. influenced Western Europe

4. Germany split into East and West: Communist and non-communist

5. Fear that WWIII would happen because both the U.S. and USSR were both in Berlin 

6. China turned communist in the 1950s

7. “Red China"

1. Mao Zedong came into power

2. Civil war

3. U.S. spent over $2 billion attempting to stop the spread of communism 

8. Korea broke into civil war (1950)

1. North Korea becoming communist

2. Involved The USSR and U.S. 

The Beginning of Vietnam

1. Vietnam is in Southeast Asia

2. Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese man that decided France needed to leave Vietnam

1. Had an education in France

2. France owned Vietnam as a colony during the early 20th century

3. Wanted freedom

4. Organized a militia group to oust the French: The Vietminh 

5. Was a communist 

3. Bao Dai was assigned to be in control of Vietnam (1932)

4. Domino Theory was an attempt to explain why it was important to intervene in Vietnam

1. Created by Dwight D. Eisenhower 

2. Dominoes represented different countries in Southeast Asia

3. Countries falling into Communism 

NATO and SEATO

1. NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created (1949)

1. Crested by U.S.

2. Idea was to defend capitalist nations

3. Intergovernmental military alliance located in Brussels, Belgium 

2. Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union's version of NATO

3. SEATO - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954-1977)

1. Southeast Asia and the Pacific 

2. Military defense organization 

3. Directly involved with Vietnam conflict

4. Fear of WWIII being Warsaw Pact vs. NATO

The Exit of France & Tonkin Gulf

1. Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964) 

2. Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954)

1. Location called Dien Bien Phu

2. Vietminh attacked the French garrison 

3. French surrendered 

3. U.S. comes in to Vietnam to try and stop communism 

4. Geneva Accords was an agreement made between Ho Chi Minh and other important people

1. Dividing Vietnam into two sections: North and South, the 17th parallel 

2. Ho Chi Minh ruled North 

3. South was ruled by Bao Dai and the U.S. Government 

5. Bao Dai was overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem; declaring himself leader of all of Vietnam

1. Ngo Dinh Diem was not communist

2. Anti-buddhist

6. Ho Chi Minh vs. Ngo Dinh Diem

7. Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown and killed by South Vietnamese Buddhists

8. Tonkin Gulf Resolution: complete and total control of the Vietnam War was given to President Lyndon B. Johnson

The Living Room War

1. 57% of Americans had a television set in their homes

2. Impact of CBS Evening News

1. Cronkite traveled to Vietnam

2. Cronkite claimed the Vietnam War was unwinnable

3. Citizens trusted Walter Cronkite and so people believed him

4. “If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America.” -Lyndon B. Johnson 

5. Anti-war protests were ramping up

3. CBS Nightly News was watched often

1. Walter Cronkite was the host; “Most trusted man on television”

2. Giving info about the Vietnam War and Cold War

The Home Front & Protests

1. Generation gap between the WWII parents and Vietnam War children (Baby boomers)

2. Older generation believed that you must defend your country if asked - the younger generation didn't believe that

3. Many young Americans didn't know 

4. SDS - Students for a democratic society

1. Emerged on college campuses

2. Middle-class college students

3. Organizing active protests against America's involvement in the Vietnam war

5. The generation gap continued to grow bigger

6. “Working class war” is what the Vietnam War was called 

1968

1. 1968 was believed to be the worst year in American history 

2. TET Offensive occurred

1. New year celebration in Vietnam is called “TET”

2. The Vietcong (communist group we were fighting) decided to make a massive attack on the TET day

3. Attack lasted over one month

3. Lyndon B. Johnson addressed the nation and said that he wasn't going to be campaigning for another term

4. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis Tennessee 

1. Large impact on Civil Rights Movement 

2. Hundreds of riots broke out across the country

5. Robert Kennedy (JFK'S brother) was campaigning for President then got shot

6. Democratic National Convention Chicago 

1. Each political party holds a convention to officially nominate their candidate for president 

2. 10,000 young people showed up to do a peaceful protest against the Vietnam War

3. On live television 

4. Police riot occurred and there was violence against the young protestors

7. Richard Nixon (Republican) was chosen for President 

8. “Law and Order”

“Peace with Honor”

1. By 1973, it was clear the U.S. couldn't win the Vietnam war

2. Vietnam War numbers: 58,000 American soldiers killed, 300,000 wounded

3. Ho Chi Minh was dead

4. “Peace with honor” was a ceasefire agreement with Vietcong

5. U.S. agreed to withdraw its troops from Vietnam 

6. POW - Prisoners of War

7. The city of Saigon fell to the communist Vietcong and was renamed “Ho Chi Minh”

8. People in South Vietnam tried to flee

Women's Rights Movement 

1. Betty Friedan 

1. Raising three children in the mid-1960’s

2. Wrote a book called “The Feminine Mystique” 

• Addressing what it's like for women in the suburbs and the expectations 

• Asking why they have to get married and have kids

• Sold over three million copies 

2. Ms. Magazine: publicated by Gloria Steinem 

1. Monthly magazine addressing issues with feminism

2. 300,ooo copies sold in the first few days of existence 

3. NOW - National Organization for Women

4. Title IX: Prohibits discrimination in education and sports for women and men

5. Roe vs. Wade - 1973

1. Argued that women should have the right to choose what to do with their body

2. On January 22, 1973: Supreme Court established that women could get an abortion within the first trimester 

6. ERA - Equal Rights Amendment 

1. Amendment made for granting equal rights for women

2. 35 states ratified by the new amendment 

3. Hesitation came from women because it meant they would be able to be drafted into the Vietnam War

4. Not ratified to the Constitution 

5. Passed, but believed to make it into the constitution in 1979

The NOW Movement 

1. 550 Chapters of the organization would spring up across the country 

2. Women were inspired by Civil Rights Movement 

The Counterculture 

1. “Counterculture” didn't want the “American Dream” like their parents did

2. 18-25 year olds were frustrated with society

1. Students dropping out of colleges

2. Hated the idea of fighting in a war that they felt was unnecessary 

3. San Francisco hippie Counterculture 

1. “Haight Ashbury” - Hippies lived here

2. Believed In freedom, love, peace

4. Woodstock - 1969

1. Taking place in New York

2. No violence 

3. Hundreds of thousands of hippies show up

4. Music festival 

The Environment 

1. Silent Spring - 1962

1. Spoke of the negative impact Agricultural pesticides had on the planet

2. “Silver Springs” book about thousands of birds dying from it

2. EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

3. Clean Air Act - 1973

1. Trying to filter the smokestacks 

2. Trying to prevent air pollution created by factories

4. Nuclear Power

1. Cheap and endless power

2. President Jimmy Carter pushed for it

3. Radiation could leak out to the air and be dangerous to humans and toxic waste on the planet

• Concern began due to an accident at a nuclear power plant

Environmental Activists 

1. National Park Service (1960)

1. Woodrow Wilson

2. Manage the natural resources 

3. Bison were endangered 

4. Making sure there wasn't hunting going on, cities wouldn't be built in parks, and people wouldn't cut down trees

2. Silent Spring

1. Written by Rachel Carson

2. Chemical called DDT was used for farming, but was killing birds

3. Greenpeace was an environmental activist group

1. Began in 1971

2. Attempting to change the laws and regulations surrounding industry 

4. Earth first: fought for the right of all species to flourish 

5. Inconvenient Truth

Domestic Agenda 

1. Stagflation 

1. The war and economy at a stall

2. Factories began to slow down 

3. Prices increased due to lack of consumer purchasing

4. Occurs when the economy does not move

2. New Federalism 

1. Giving more power back to the states

2. Nixon was a big component of it

3. Revenue Sharing

1. The Federal Government gives money to the states and the states give money to the cities, etc..

2. States are not told how to spend it

4. FAP - Family Assistance Plan

1. Congress blocked it

2. President Richard Nixon was pushing for it

3. To ease the pain of the Stagflation 

4. It would pay families of four $1600 a year in assistance 

Nixon's Domestic Policy

1. Nixon quit because he got paranoid and did illegal things to see if people were talking about him

2. Nixon became president in 1968

3. How Nixon dealt with stagflation: wage and price freezes, and the family assistance plan 

4. EPA would be formed

5. Watergate break-in and cover up (see below): led to Nixon's quitting

6. Richard Nixon was the first president to quit while in office

Watergate Break-In

1. Richard Nixon's nickname was Tricky Dick because of Watergate

2. Watergate didn't have to happen 

3. 1972: Nixon up for re-election

1. First President to visit Communist China

2. Pulling troops out of Vietnam

3. SALT Treaty with Soviet Union 

4. Pentagon Papers (1971)

1. Newspaper about Vietnam 

2. Didn't pain the war in a good way

3. Some of the stuff was classified stuff 

4. Nixon was furious and wanted to know who leaked information 

5. Nixon believed the Democrats leaked the information 

5. CREEP - Committee to Re-elect The President 

6. Nixon ordered five CREEP members to break into the Democratic National Headquarters at Watergate Complex 

7. Break-in occurred at 2:30am., June 17th, 1972, members broke in and were arrested 

8. Richard Nixon was easily reelected 

The Resignation 

1. Due to the illegal acts he did, he was impeached

2. Impeachment: 

3. Due to his Impeachment moving forward, he decided to resign

4. August 8, 1974, Nixon made a speech on his resignation 

5. Gerald Ford took oath of the office and assumed duties of the executive branch

The Energy Crisis

1. OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

1. U.S. is not a part of this, because we bring in oil and transform it into fuel for automobiles

2. Yom-Kippur War: When Egypt and Syria launched a war against Israel on Yom Kippur (holy day for Israel)

1. U.S. tried to help

3. Oil Embargo - October, 1973

1. Countries of OPEC held back oil from U.S. because we were suppor Israel

2. Gasoline shortage caused across the country

3. Came to an agreement to end the embargo 

4. U.S. relied heavily on oil

The Economy of the 1970s

1. Due to the oil embargo, the gasoline prices rose drastically 

2. Sudden inflation was caused by increased shipped rates being charged to move products 

3. Stagflation: jobs were not receiving pay raises, high unemployment, more difficult to find work, would carry into 1980s

4. People were losing hope that the economy would begin to get better 

5. “Crisis of confidence.” -Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter's Domestic Policy

1. Considered such an honest man that people respected greatly

2. One-term president (took to office 1977)

3. Had to deal with post-Vietnam war

1. Pardoned draft-dodgers 

2. B1 Bombers funding was killed (because they were still being made)

4. Energy Crisis: 

1. U.S. was importing a LOT of oil

2. U.S. got supply from OPEC (the middle east) 

3. 25% of OPEC’s production went to the U.S. 

4. OPEC had begun a massive price hike and then an oil embargo

5. Barrel of oil went from $13 to $34

6. U.S. was weak without oil

5. Department of Energy

1. Having to find natural gas

2. Nuclear Energy 

6. Carter Encourages carpooling to save fuel

7. Solar and wind power were Jimmy Carter's ideas in the 70s but wasn't used till the 80s and 90s 

8. Emergency reserve is oil for the government and military 

Nuclear Disarmament Policies 

1. Nuclear Disarmament: movement to get rid of Nuclear weapons (1958-) 

2. Thousands of people marched for four days to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment in Berkshire English 

3. 50,000 women marched in 60 cities to bring awareness to the Nuclear Holocaust (1961)

4. Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963)

1. Made between President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev 

2. Prohibited all nuclear testing in the atmosphere 

3. Two nuclear treaties signed: SALT I and SALT II

4. (1991) START (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties) treaty banned more than 6,000 nuclear weapons from being deployed

Nuclear Freeze

1. Nuclear Freeze Movement (1979)

1. To get the Soviet Union & U.S. to halt the creation of Nuclear weapons

2. To change the nature of government policies toward the creation of nuclear weapons

2. Mobilization for survival

1. “The Call” was published: a plan drawn up to secure support from peace organizations 

2. Randall Forsberg: a disarmament researcher

• Promoted U.S. moratorium on Nuclear weapons deployment and production 

3. June 12, 1982: petitions were delivered to the U.S. with more than 2.3 million signatures 

4. President Ronald Raegan wished to build up the military with Nuclear weapons so that nobody would mess with the U.S.

5. There were protests

6. Ronald Raegan said he felt the same way about Nuclear weapons being bad, but didn't say he wouldn't get rid of them

7. Ronald Raegan wished to call the leader of the Soviet Union so they could discuss disarming nuclear

8. 1985: Soviet Union got a new leader called Mikhail Gorbachev 

1. Met with Ronald Raegan 

2. Agreed to get rid of medium-range missiles from Europe as long as the U.S. did too

3. The USSR couldn't afford to continue creating nuclear weapons

Assassination Attempt

1. Ronald Raegan was re-elected in the 80s

1. Made people feel good and things would get better

2. “Let's make America Great Again”

2. Raegan was shot at as he was leaving a meeting in the hotel

1. Shot by John Hinckley Jr. Because he thought he would impress Jodie Foster by shooting the president 

2. Raegan got shot in the chest, but he was pushed into his limo and thought he broke his rib 

3. Raegan was taken to the hospital recently and had to have a heart surgery 

4. Raegan lived and he was the oldest president they ever had

3. John Hinckley Jr. was released in 2016 (35 years after his attempt)

4. Ronald Raegan refused to be wheeled out of the hospital and walked; seen as a hero 

5. Ronald Raegan was the first to be wounded and survive an assassination attempt 

Raegan's Domestic Policy 

1. Reaganomics 

1. Stagflation was happening in the 70s

• Massive reduction in tax rates

• Big businesses would receive large tax cuts

• Big businesses would use extra money to create new jobs to help with unemployment 

• Cut government spending and reduce inflation 

2. Despite all the work Raegan put into cutting unemployment and Stagflation, increase in people living below poverty line would go to a staggering 31.7 million people

2. Domestic Agenda 

1. Raegan believed that if our military was powerful enough, no one would want to go to war with us

2. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI - or “Star Wars”) was developed

1. $100 billion spent

2. Putting a satellite in space could shoot down nuclear missiles launched at the U.S.

3. A book called “A Nation At Risk” in 1984 was published 

1. Made a point that there was a decline in American education and student performance 

2. Standardized testing came about

4. War on Drugs

1. $1.7 billion would go to end the drug problem facing the nation

2. “Just say no” was created by Raegan's wife for kids to just say no to drugs

3. Minimum penalty issued for drug offenses 

Impact of Drug Abuse in the U.S.

1. The Beginning of the Drug War

1. President Richard Nixon called drugs: “Public Enemy #1.” (1971)

2. Following the 60s and the hippies 

3. In 1971, the was a growing heroin epidemic among returning veterans (10-15% became addicted to some substance) 

4. 1973, Drug Enforcement Administration 

• “Drug Czar” - Person in charge of acting on helping drug problems

• Replace the Bureau of Narcotics 

5. LSD 

6. Began categorizing the drugs, and how bad they would be for people

2. Just Say No

1. To target the youth

2. Basically saying that if you were offered drugs, you should just say no

3. The Office of National Control Policy (1988)

1. Also involving the CIA to find where the drugs were coming from

4. Global Commission on Drug Policy (2011)

1. “War on Drugs” was declared a failure

2. Drug Abuse was still a mainstream in American Society 

5. (1994) There were 1 million arrests alone due to drug abuse and trafficking 

6. $41.3 billion was spent during the drug war campaign, and nothing really happened 

7. U.S. invaded Panama to invade and arrest Manuel Noriega - the leader of the nation - for drug trafficking 

8. The 21st Century saw cocaine use drop 

9. Prescription drug abuse rose

10. The opioid epidemic and the comeback of heroin once again

George H.W. Bush's Domestic Policy

1. George H.W. Bush was Vice president to Ronald Raegan 

2. Ronald Raegan couldn't run again after his second term

3. Bush was elected mainly because he was Vice president to Raegan 

4. What didn't work with Reaganomics impacted Bush

5. “Read my lips, no new taxes.” os what he said during his campaign 

6. Government budget stood at $2.8 trillion (1989) - this was triple as much as 1980, but it still wasn't enough

7. Bush had to raise taxes eventually 

8. Limited domestic agenda - not many programs starting 

9. National Debt had soared to over $4 trillion (up from $900 billion in 1980)

10. Bush Administration passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) - act Forbid discrimination on any disability 

11. The Clean Air Act: reduces urban smog 

Middle East Policy

1. As WWI came to a close, the Ottoman Empire was collapsing

1. The empire was been ruled the Middle East for 400 years 

2. Once they were gone, there was competition for power in the region 

2. Israel was re-created in 1948 for the Jews due to the Holocaust

1. Israel had been located where Palestine was

2. Most Palestinians were Arabs 

3. The Palestinians and Israelis have been fighting ever since

4. So, Palestine just became Israel

5. Zionists: people who advocate for an independent Jewish state where jews can live safely 

6. Six different nations declared on Israel as a result of the New nation being formed

3. What was the Ottoman Empire is what is now Turkey

1. Soviets tried to get Turkey

2. NATO and the U.S. got in before the Soviets

3. U.S. sent aid to Turkey and entered into a close military alliance 

4. Revolution in Iran changed their political dynamic (1979)

1. Their leader, the shah was replaced

2. They were Democratic originally 

3. The prior leader was replaced by the ayatollah; a very anti-west person who didn't like the U.S.

5. Iran/Iraq War

1. Iran and Iraq went to war 

2. U.S. was involved and supplies Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein

6. Kuwait and the oil field tried to be controlled by Saddam Hussein (Iraqi Leader) but we fought to keep him out

1. He looked there for dominance because the was a stalemate in the Iran/Iraq War

7. Saudi Arabia helped the U.S. 

8. Saudi Arabia controls a ¼ of the world's oil supply

9. Syria signed a friendship and cooperation treaty with the Soviet Union 

Demographic Changes in the 20th Century 

1. 1950 - 2000

1. U.S. Population dropped

2. Population density has remained low compared to other countries

2. South and West (During the 1980s & 1990s)

1. American economy began to change from manufacturing jobs in the North and East to service sector and technology jobs

2. Shift in population occurred in the Western and Southern U.S.

3. Industrial jobs would pay less, but that would bring in more business 

4. (1999) 76 million more people would live in the south

5. 59 million more in the West

3. Many technology jobs on the West Coast

Health Care & Welfare Reform

1. Government has shut down before: if this happens, that means there is no budget 

2. (1992) U.S. had a national debt of over $4 trillion

3. Bill Clinton was elected President in 1992

4. Hillary Clinton was placed in charge of coming up with a program to assist Americans without health coverage

5. People didn't want health insurance because they would've had to be picked a doctor 

6. Health Security Act of 1993 - Proposed a nationwide health insurance system 

7. Welfare reform: “too many people were on it”

1. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Act (1996)

2. Work Opportunity Act (1996)

3. The only way to get welfare ID through actively looking for employment 

Technology of the 1990s

1. 1991 - Internet was created: High Performance Computing Act, which made the internet public 

2. Google came out in 1998 (when search engines came out)

3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

1. Revolutionized medicine 

2. Gives doctors the chance to get an accurate image of an injury

4. Cloning: Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996

5. Space: the International space station 

6. NASA also developed the pathfinder (which explored mars)

End of the Nuclear Family

1. Began to rise after WWII

2. Two parents, two kids, one dog. That was the American dream. The nuclear family 

3. Classic mom would stay home, dad would go to his job, etc.

4. Counterculture began to protest this ideal

5. 50% of first marriages in the 1980s ended in divorce

6. Divorce rates declined as things such as single parents or cohabiting parents occurred more often

Clinton's Domestic Policy

1. Bill Clinton first took to office in 1993

2. Bill Clinton was re-elected in 1996

3. The Roaring 90s - The economy bounced back a bit 

4. He was the second president to be impeached; when people try to remove the president from office

5. Clinton proposed a tax increase of the wealthiest (top 1.2%) in America

6. He ushered in huge federal spending cuts; these cuts took away programs that helped the poor

7. Federal debt in 1992: $290 billion, and the federal debt in 1999: $124 billion surplus (extra) 

8. NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement 

1. Bill Clinton signed it in 1993

2. Pact attempted to end trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico

3. Resulted in 600,000 manufacturing jobs lost in the U.S.

9. Health Care - 

10. 20 million new jobs; unemployment gets dropped 

11. Impeachment happens in 1998 due to White Water

12. Clinton had an affair with Monica Lewinsky 

U.S./Mexico Relations

1. Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911) was Mexico's leader

1. U.S. Became close with him

2. Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) 

1. It was about who would be in charge

2. The U.S. invested in Francisco Madero to be leader (who was assassinated later)

3. The Bracero Program: hired Mexican workers for industrial and agricultural production in U.S.

4. NAFTA: Allowed open trade Among the nations of North America; eliminating all trade barriers and tariffs

1. Resulted in large numbers of U.S. businesses relocated jobs to Mexico

5. Illegal immigration rates were rising: 62% of undocumented immigrants in U.S. were from Mexico

The War on Terror (9/11)

1. First terrorist attack on U.S

2. U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003

1. Saddam Hussein was dictator for over 30 years

2. Hussein was captured on 12/13/03 

3. Hussein executed 12/30/06

3. A month after the attack, the U.S. went after Afghanistan 

1. To remove the Taliban from power

2. U.S. stayed in Afghanistan to set up cases and make a new form of government 

3. U.S. was slated for removal on 9/11/21

The Economic Crisis of 2000

1. Stock market prices dropped severely 

1. Because of 9/11, things were shut down, including the stock market

2. When the market opened up again, there were many businesses impacted by 9/11

2. 1.7 million jobs were lost (2001)

3. The Great Recession 

1. Recession - the economy drops

2. Worst economic stretch of time since the Great Depression

3. 6% of unemployment in the U.S.

4. George Bush cut taxes for the whole nation

4. War of Terror cost trillions of dollars for the U.S.

5. Before 9/11: $5.5 trillion to after 9/11: $9.9 trillion

Impact of Immigration Policies 

1. 1965 Immigration and Neutrality Act

1. Abolished the quotas based on national origin

2. Created a limit of 120,000 immigrants from the Western Hemisphere 

3. The economy was struggling 

2. 1980 Refugee Act

1. A limit of 50K Refugees per year

2. In 1986 the Immigration and Reform Control Act

• Put penalties employers who knowingly hire illegal immigrants 

3. Immigration Act of 1990

1. Moved the limit from 120,000 to 700,000 

2. Work visas were increased 40%

3. Border Patrol was tightened 

4. Decrease in illegal immigration 

21st Century Women in America 

1. Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs

1. Addressed the Family Leave Medical Act of 1993

• Gave permission to take maternity leave - paid

2. Someone took time off and lost their job because they took care of a family member with a medical condition 

3. In 2003, they made it clear that people could take time off for family

2. Partial-birth abortions: it was made illegal in 2006 

3. Women would get $.77 for every $1.00 a man would get

4. Obama Administration

1. Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act: equal pay. 180 days to file a complaint about pay discrimination 

2. Women in the military: in 2013, the ban on women serving combat roles was lifted