second great awakening

The WIG Party is a new political party with ideologies similar to those of the Federalists.

The WIG Party finds popularity mainly in the North.
Their support base includes middle and upper classes and urban populations.
In contrast, the Democratic Party attracts supporters from the South and West, aligning more with Jeffersonian ideals.

Jackson was known for his animosity towards the national bank, claiming to have taken pride in dismantling it on his deathbed.
Jackson escalated presidential powers.
He famously ignored Supreme Court rulings, such as the directive to cease Georgia's control over Cherokee territory, instead proceeding with the Trail of Tears.
He promoted states' rights yet opposed the idea of secession, demonstrating his willingness to utilize military force to maintain the Union.

Preceding the Civil War, several reform movements took shape, driven by similar ideologies.

The Market Revolution introduced new technologies and altered societal structure, encouraging more people to work outside of home environments.
The agricultural base still dominated the economy, yet social mobility was perceived as a key American ideal, distinct from aristocratic structures in Europe.
Increased immigration, prominently from Irish and German communities, contributed to rising nativism and xenophobia.
Voter participation surged, with states eliminating property requirements for voting, marking a shift towards universal suffrage that inspired changes across the Eastern states.

Women's Suffrage
- Meaning: the right to vote for women, a concept often misunderstood in public discussions.
Abolitionism
- A movement aimed at the ending of slavery in America.
Hospital and Asylum Reform
- Aims to improve conditions in mental health facilities and prisons, which were notoriously abusive and neglectful.
Education Reform
- Promoted by figures like Horace Mann, advocating for compulsory education standards and state-run teacher training.
Temperance Movement
- Aiming to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, fearing its association with societal ills such as domestic violence and unemployment.

A religious revival movement emphasizing salvation accessibility, emotional connections over mere doctrine, and a moral imperative for social betterment.
- Characteristics include:
- A focus on individual spiritual improvement and the idea of perfectionism, moving away from Calvinist determinism.
- Emphasis on millennialism, envisioning imminent transformative events.
- Resistance to Enlightenment thought and materialism due to the excesses of the Market Revolution.

Charles Finney:
- Promoter of Christian perfectionism and supporter of women and African American education; abolitionist, helping escaped slaves via the Underground Railroad.
Growth of various denominations, notably increases in Methodist and Baptist followers.
Establishment of inclusive churches such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church, advocating for African American congregants.
Concept of the Benevolent Empire, focused on societal improvement through moral action rather than strictly religious doctrine.

Many social problems were attributed to alcohol consumption, leading to a variety of organizations advocating for decreased or prohibited drinking, such as the American Temperance Society.
Efforts led to eventual successes in state-by-state prohibition legislation that would later escalate to nationwide efforts, though not permanently successful.

Dorothea Dix:
- Advocate for mental health reform, exposing the harsh treatment in asylums and prisons, pushing for humane treatment and rehabilitation.

Brook Farm: Established by intellectuals and artists emphasizing a balance of labor and leisure, ultimately failing due to operational challenges.
New Harmony: Initiated by Robert Owen, a socialistic society striving for communal sharing, though it too faced difficulties.
Shakers: A unique community founded on celibacy and strict gender segregation, focusing on equality yet not able to sustain their population due to their principles.
Oneida Community: An experiment in communal living characterized by a challenge to traditional relationships, facing societal critique.

Originating in Europe, Romanticism in the U.S. became a cultural movement emphasizing emotionalism and glorification of nature.
Associated with figures such as Edgar Allan Poe, whose works often explored darker themes in humanity.
The architectural shift towards inspiration from ancient cultures, notably Greek, signified a departure from merely colonial aesthetics.

Emerging as a distinctly American philosophical approach from Romantic ideas, asserting belief in the inherent goodness of humanity and individual intuition over established doctrine.
Key proponents included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, with Thoreau advocating civil disobedience as a form of protest against unjust laws.

The development of steam-powered printing presses opened the door to expansive literacy and affordable access to literature, contributing to an informed, opinionated public.

Research identified historical figures for future class discussion, with a focus on alignment of ideals among reformers and their historical impacts.