Romanesque Architecture Summary

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Historical Background

• Era: 1000 to 1200 AD

• Romanesque means "Roman-like"; features Roman arches and vaults.

• Thick walls; basilica plan type.

• Predominantly church-centered art and architecture, promoting Christianity.

• Stability in the 11th century due to the rise of feudalism.

• Cathedrals symbolized piety; destinations for pilgrims.

Major Features of Romanesque Architecture

• Church types: Small churches (no aisles, projecting apse) and large basilical churches.

• Use of local stone, thick walls and pillars.

• Buttresses of shallow projection, sculptured portals, and decorative arcades.

• Common church plans: Latin Cross, polygonal, basilical.

• Round arches, barrel vaults, harmonious proportions, small windows.

Key Elements of a Cathedral

• Defined as the bishop's church (cathedra = bishop's seat).

• Known for size and beauty; designed for maximum circulation of pilgrims.

• Major elements include Latin cross plan, transept, chapel radiating, choir, crypt, and small windows.

Architectural Structure

• A transept crosses the nave, forming a cross shape; an apse is usually semicircular.

• Ambulatory surrounds the apse with radiating chapels.

• Wall passages reinforce stability and decorate walls.

• Interiors not well lit due to small windows; piers support arches in nave arcades.

Sculptural Elements and Reliefs

• Facades adorned with low relief carvings; mixed sacred and profane themes.

• Symbolism delivers direct messages to the audience, employing biblical scenes.

• Geometry used in church design embodies both form and faith.

Monastery and Castle Design

• Monasteries designed as a microcosm, embodying a city of God.

• Castles fortified for defense, typically with stepped designs for easier defense.