Science: Cells, Classification, Solutions & Mixtures - Summary Notes

Taxonomy Classification

  • Kingdom: Broadest category; groups related phyla. Examples: Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Fungi (fungi), Protista (single-celled organisms), Monera (bacteria).

  • Phylum: Groups related classes. Examples in Animalia: Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropoda (insects, spiders).

  • Class: Groups related orders. Examples in Chordata: Mammalia (mammals), Aves (birds).

  • Order: Groups related families. Examples in Mammalia: Primates (humans, monkeys), Carnivora (dogs, cats).

  • Family: Groups related genera. Examples in Primates: Hominidae (great apes), Cercopithecidae (old-world monkeys).

  • Genus: Groups related species. Example in Hominidae: Homo.

  • Species: Basic unit; organisms capable of interbreeding. Example: Homo sapiens (humans)

Parts of an Animal Cell

  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA)

  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where cell activities occur

  • Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell, controls entry and exit of substances

  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy

  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transport system for molecules. Smooth ER (synthesizes lipids) & Rough ER (synthesizes proteins, has ribosomes)

  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste

Parts of a Plant Cell

  • Cell Wall: Provides structure and protection, made of cellulose

  • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll

  • Central Vacuole: Stores nutrients and waste, provides turgor pressure

  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA)

  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where cell activities occur

  • Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell, controls entry and exit of substances

  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy

  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transport system for molecules. Smooth ER (synthesizes lipids) & Rough ER (synthesizes proteins, has ribosomes)

  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

Cell Theory

  • All living organisms are composed of cells

  • The cell is the basic unit of life

  • All cells come from pre-existing cells