Poisoning v20241119
Chapter Three: Acute Poisoning
Author: MD & PhD Jia Xu
Affiliations:
First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University
Chemical Poisoning Prevention and Control Center of Zhejiang Province
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases
CONTENT
Case Analysis
Definition of Poisoning
Acute Poisoning Treatment Principles
Acute Organophosphate Insecticide Poisoning
Case Studies
Case 1:
Patient: 14-year-old female, unconscious for 30 mins, past health is good, conscious in mild coma, limbs move when stimulated.
Emergency Actions: Monitor airway, circulation, and breathing.
Case 2: 80-year-old patient, monitoring vital signs and results for myocardial enzymes and liver function.
Definition of Poisoning
Poisoning: Clinical state from exposure to a foreign chemical.
Toxicity: Ability of a chemical to cause bodily damage.
Selective Toxicity: Harmful effects on certain organisms while harmless to others.
Types of Poisoning:
NORPITAL Poisoning: Acute, chronic, occupational, non-occupational, intentional, and unintentional.
Acute Poisoning
Definition: Pathological changes after short-term exposure to toxic substances.
Acute Toxicity Symptoms: Cholinergic crisis, unstable vital signs, depressed respiration.
Treatment Principles
Goals: Remove toxicants, reduce absorption, and provide supportive care.
Antidotes:
Examples include atropine for organophosphate poisoning.
Organophosphate Insecticide Poisoning
Etiology: Often from pesticides; high global exposure.
Mechanism: Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE); causes excessive acetylcholine accumulation.
Principal Symptoms: Cholinergic crisis, muscarinic and nicotinic effects described by mnemonic DUMBBELS (Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation).
Guidelines for Acute Poisoning Management
In-hospital: Focus on decontamination, symptom management, and monitoring.
PAM (Pralidoxime): Reactivates cholinesterase; helps with nicotinic effects.
Emergency Department Evaluation
Assessment: Gather history of exposure, monitor vital signs, obtain blood gas analysis.
Diagnosis Confirmation: Decreased plasma cholinesterase activity.
Notable Incidents
Case Analysis Examples:
Cholinergic crisis in a suicide attempt, treatment involved atropine and pralidoxime.
Anticholinergic syndrome exhibited through confusion, tachycardia, and dry skin.