NOTES bio 10/31-11/12


Oct 29 

Composition of blood 

  • 44% red blood cells white blood cells and platlets

Plasma

  • 55% of blood 

  • 92 water

  • 7 proteins

  • 1 dissolved substance

Plasma proteins

  • albumins _ water balancing

    • Low solutr to high solute 

  • glubulins -transport lipids, y shaped proteins

  • Clotting proteins: fibrinogen converted to fibrin

Buffering system 

  • Weak acid 

  • Weak base

Formed elements

  • 45% of blood 

  • 99.9% red blood cells

  • 0.1% whit eblood cells and platelets 

How do blood cells form

Stem celll

Red blood cells

Pathogen: foreign cell/molecule that can cause disease

Antigen: any substance that can elicit an immune response (typically proteins on surface of pathogen


Oct 31

  • DVT=deep vein thrombosis

    • Stationary bloood clot > embolus

    • Commonly in the lower legs

    • Lost blood pressure

    • Background 

      • Blood clor 

      • Can lead to pulmonary embolism

    • Symptoms 

      • Throbbing cramping pain

      • Redness swelling 

      • Hard and sore veins 

      • Larger calf diameter

    • Causes

      • Virchows triad

  • Blood clotting process

    • Step 1: vascular spasm

      • Smotth muscle contracts 

    • Step 2: platelet plug 

      • Damaged blood vessel exposes collagen, platlets adhere to collagen and become more sticky and releas chemicals that attracts more platelets

    • Step 3: fibrin clot formation

      • Damaged blood vessel releases clotting factors which ultimateley activates fibrinogen > fribrin

  • Fibrin clot formation 

    • Cascade of complex reavtkl vomcert in 

  • Too little clotting hemophil

  • Too much clotting thrombus

  • Anemia 

    • Rbc 

    • Hemoglobun

  • Iron deificiny

    • Too little iron and loss of

  • Sickle cell anemia 

  • Monoinucleosis 

    • Kissing disease

    • Connect to ms

  • Leukemia 

    • Caner of white blood cells 

    • Canercous cells 

    • Take over bone marrow

  • Cardiovascular system 

    • Functions:

      • Minimizes the diffusion distance to reach all cells 

      • Connects fluid around cells with the organs that exchange gases absorb nutrients and dispose of wastes


Structure 

function

Arteries 

Thick muscular, strong walls

Acoomodates blood at high pressures 

Enables artery to contract

Elastic recoil

Retains blood pressure when heart relaxes between contractions and despite large change in blood volume

Arterioles 

Contain cmooth muscle

Controls blood flow to different parts of the body 

Prime controllers of blood pressure

Capillaries

Thin walls with gaps

Facilities diffusion of nutrients gases and wastes



  • Two opposing forces control movement across the endotheliyum of capilaries:

    • Blood pressure : the measurement of force applied to artery walls 


  • Osmotic pressure: free water, urea membrane, semipermeable membrance



Structure 

function

Veins

Thinner walls than arteries





  • Low blood pressure 

    • Valves prevent backflow of blood 

    • Contraction of skeletal muscle squeezes veins

    • Breathing causes pressure changes that move blood toward the heart

THE HEART


  • Size if a fist

  • Beats 72 times a mintue 

  • Pumps 5 liters of blood a minute 

  • Made of three layers

    • Endocardium

    • Myocardium 

    • Percardium

  • Heart attack =myocardial infarction

  • Infarction : obstruction of bllood supply local tissue death 

  • COSY RED

    • Contraction 

    • Systole 

    • Relaxtion 

    • Diastole

  • Sa node sends out signal when atria is full 

  • Singal causes atria to contact simutaneously




Nov7

  • When blood goes out of the ateriole the blood pressure is higher and 85 comes back into the venule but the 0other 15 gors into the lyph node



  • Lymphatic system 

    • Functions: fluid balance:

      •  returns fluid rhat leaks out from the capillary bed

      • Fat absorption

      • Immmunogolocial defense 

        • Nodes: (macrophages, lymphocytes) filter lymph and trap foreign particles

  • Veins

    • Movement

      • Circulartiy system with no bp

      • Skeletal muscles 

      • One way valves 

      • Thoracic

  • Cardiovascular disease 

    • Group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels

    • Found in mow middle income countiries

      • Tobacco

      • Dcreased aphysical activity 

      • Obesity 

    • High income country

      • Access to health care and med 

    • 1 in 5 deaths in th e US

    • Most common coronary artery disease

  • Antherosclerosis

    • Hight density lipoprotein cholestrol

    • Low density liporpo rem

    • Irritant dames endo thelium 

    • LDLD cholesterol collects EBC COLLLEcts, wbc collects th ede

    • Narrowing the artyet fdidameeter increases blood pressure

    • Presse can disrupt plaque and cause blood

  • Hight bloood preeure

    • Norma vz hypertenco

  • Blood clots

    • Good in wounds not in arteries and brai

  • Weight loss drugs

    • Wegovy and pzempic 


                                   

Nov 12

  • Mitochondria turns all three of these bottom into ATP

    • Glucose 

    • Faty acids

    • Amino acids

  • Oxygen is crucial in supplying the energy we need 

  • When we add oxygen to the mitochondria we get more atp


Structure 

function

nose/Nasal cavity

  • Septum and 3 shelf like bones all voered with mucus and memebrande 

  • Filtration and cleaning, condition air, olfaction

Sinuses 

  • Large air filled spaces connected to the nasal cavities 

  • Condioting air and voice resonation

pharynx


epiglottis

  • Convers larynx diruing swallowing prevents food and frink fro enter lower respiratory system

larynx

  • Air passageway

  • Prevents food to from eneter respiratory system 

  • Produces voice 

trachea

  • Connects larynx with bronchi leading to each lung 

  • Consudtcs air to and from bronchi

bronchi

  • Two branches of trachea that conduct air from trachea to each lung

bronchioles

  • Narrow passageways to conduct air from bronchi to aveoli

  • Smooth muscle controlled by autonomic nervous system

aveoli

  • Microscopic charmed for gas exchange at the end of the bronchioles 

  • Largest cross sectional area of lungs 

  • Contains surfactants

  • Asthma

    • Respiratory condtion cuases difficulty in breathing 

    • Inflamed brinchiole

  • Negative pressure breathing 

    • Contraction of the diaphragm and rub muscles cause increase in size decrease in pressure in cheat cavity 

    • Lungs expand and air moves in 

    • Relaxtionof muscles ciase decreace in size increase in pressur ein chest cavity 

  • Carbon dioxide transport 

    • Co2 from tissue celles diffuses into the blood 

      • Blood plasma 

      • Bound hemoglobin 

      • As bicarbonate ions