W2 C7

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

  • Born on 1849, and died on 1936 in Russia.

  • Initially studied to be a priest like his father → changed mind, studied physiology.

  • Won a Nobel Prize for his work on physiology of digestion.

  • Had two more careers after ages 50 and 80: psychic reflex and conditioning to mental illness, respectively.


Pavlovian Conditioning

  • Synonymous with classical conditioning.


  • Unconditioned stimulus (US) → a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

  • Unconditioned response (UR) → the natural, unlearned response to the US.

  • Conditioned stimulus (CS) → a previously neutral stimulus that gains meaning through pairing with the US.

  • Conditioned response (CR) → the learned response to the CS.


  • Personal Ex.: Outlet sparked + burnt smell while curling my hair

  • US - outlet spark + burnt smell

  • UR - fear na baka masunog bahay

  • CS - plugging into outlets

  • CR - super duper aware kailangan i-double check + amoy-amoy if mangyayari ulit


  • Experimental extinction occurs when Cs no longer elicits CR; spontaneous recover occurs after a period of time of extinction where the CR temporarily reappears.


  • Second-order conditioning refers to when the first CS was used as much like the US to bring about a CR.

  • The first CS developed secondary reinforcing properties → secondary reinforcer.

  • US is the primary reinforcer.


  • Associations occur.

  • Respondent conditioning.

  • Stimulus substitute learning.


Major Theoretical Concepts

Excitation
Inhibition


  • Cortical mosaic→ pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterizes the brain at any moment.

  • Influences how one behaves.

  • Can become relatively stable configuration because the brain centers repeatedly activated form temporary connections.

  • Dynamic stereotype → a cortical mosaic has become stable because the organism has been in a highly predictable environment for a considerable length of time.


  • Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

  • An emotional event elicits two competing processes:

  • An a-process (or primary process) → directly elicited by the event.

  • A b-process (or opponent process) → elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.


  • Preparatory Response Theory

    • Compensatory Response Model

      • A CS that has been repeatedly associated with the primary response (a-process) to a US will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process).

      • Conditioning eventually results in a CR that appears to be the opposite of the UR.

      • If start occurring before the US is presented, will be even more effective in minimizing the disturbance produced by the US.


  • Excitatory conditioning (CS+) → conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US.

  • Inhibitory conditioning (CS-) → conditioning in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US.


More examples of CC framework from own experiences.

Stimulus-Response Theory
Stimulus-Stimulus Theory

  • Pavlov

  • Conditioned Emotional Response


  • Temporal Conditioning: CS is the passage of time.

  • Occasion Setting: context as overall predictor of the relationship between two events.

  • US Revaluation: inflation/deflation.   

    • Metronome: small amount of food → weak salivation

    • Large amount of food → strong salivation

      • Metronome → strong salivation


Most CC can be divided into 2 categories based on the pleasantness/unpleasantness of the US:

  • Appetitive conditioning: establishing operations

  • Aversive conditioning: deprivation and satiation

    • CC can transform a normally aversive stimulus into an appetitive stimulus.


Basic Conditioning Phenomena

  • Garcia Effect - taste aversion

  • Acquisition - ISI

    • External Inhibition - presence of novel stimulus inhibits the occurrence of the CR.

    • CS-UCS pairings.


  • Extinction - CS is presented, but US is not presented anymore until it weakens over time → returns to baseline.

    • Pavlov believes there is no extinction, but rather inhibition.

    • Disinhibition - presence of novel stimulus at the same time as the CS disrupts the build-up of inhibition during extinction.

    • Learning is nayayanig when there is new stimulus.

    • CS alone.


  • Spontaneous Recovery - occurs after a period of time of extinction where the CR temporarily reappears.

    • Withdrawals, relapse


  • Stimulus Generalization - CR to stimulus near or similar to the CS.

    • Irradiation - excitation in a particular part of the brain that becomes generalized (?)


  • Stimulus Discrimination - discriminates stimulus through prolonged training and differential reinforcement.

    • Discrimination ngani

      • learn to generalize AND discriminate through more information.


Relationship between US and CS

  • Delay conditioning - often the best arrangement for conditioning, especially if the ISI is relatively short.

  • Simultaneous conditioning - usually results in poor conditioning (even if closest possible contiguity).

  • Trace conditioning - can be almost effective as delay conditioning if the trace interval is relatively short.

  • Backward conditioning - traditionally considered the least effective procedure for conditioning of an excitatory response (but works still if the NS is a biologically relevant stimulus).

    • Egger & Miller

      • If 2 CS reliably predict a US, the first one presented will become conditioned, and the second one, which is redundant, will not.

      • If 2 signals precede a US but one is always followed by the US and the other is only sometimes followed by the US, the more reliable signal becomes conditioned much more than the unreliable signal.

      • For CC to take place, the organism must be able to use the CS to predict whether reinforcement will occur (signal learning).


Higher Order Conditioning

  • Chain of classical conditioning processes.

  • Second-order conditioning - refers to when the first CS was used as much like the US to bring about a CR.

  • Third-order conditioning - second CS was used to bring about a CR; weaker.


Sensory Preconditioning

  • When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS.


Samples in Specificity in CC

  • When conditioning occurs to specific stimuli only despite pairing of other


Overshadowing

  • Note only in the presence of a more salient stimulus does the less salient stimulus come to elicit little or no response.

  • Which is more salient in a compound stimulus?


Blocking

  • Previous learning is blocked the next learning

  • Unahan


Latent Inhibition

  • A familiar stimulus is more difficul5 to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar (novel) stimulus.

  • Prevents the development of conditioned associations to redundant stimuli in the environment.


Rescorla-Wagner Theory

  • “Conditionability” of a particular US-CS pair depends on:

  • potential associative strength of a specific US (eg., strong electric shock vs weak electric shock).

  • The stronger US support more conditioning than do weaker US.

  • Potential associative strength of a given CS (loud tone vs soft, inaudible tone).

  • Oversahdowing effect.

  • Blocking - most of the conditioning possible for a particular US is “used up” by the first CS.

  • Overexpectation Effect - decrease in the CR occurs when 2 spearately conditioned CSs are combined into a compound stimulus for further pairings with the US.


Other Things To Remember if you Plan to Do CC

Associative Bias

  • Associations between certain kinds of stimuli are more likely to be made than are associations between others

  • Bregman: some associations are easier t form than others because of the biological preparedness of the organisms.

  • Latent Inhibition: a familiar stimhlus id more diffiuclt to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar (noel) stimulus

  • Kamin-Wagner theory