Chapter 5
Page 1
Introduction
Overview of the chapter on Social Interactionist Theories of Delinquency.
Page 2
Social Interactionist Theories
Four perspectives explained under social interactionist theories derive power from interactions between social groups and individuals.
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Labeling Theory
Also known as interactional theory or social reaction perspective.
Premise: Society brands individuals as deviants when apprehended, affecting their identity and behavior.
Emphasis on social audience responses to norm violations leading to deviant involvement.
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Dramatization of Evil (1 of 2)
Tannenbaum: Analyzed the process of labeling juveniles as different upon arrest.
Hypothesis: Labeling affects justice system treatment and the individual's self-perception.
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Dramatization of Evil (2 of 2)
The labeling process involves tagging, defining, and emphasizing deviance.
The less dramatized the evil, the lesser chance youths will engage in deviance.
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Primary and Secondary Deviation (1 of 3)
Lemert's focus: Interaction between social control agents and rule violators.
Primary Deviation: The behavior of the individual.
Secondary Deviation: Society's reaction to the behavior.
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Primary and Secondary Deviation (2 of 3)
Social reaction to deviance (disapproval or stigmatization) is crucial to understanding deviance development.
Social Reaction: Summarizes moral indignation and actions towards deviance.
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Primary and Secondary Deviation (3 of 3)
Social reaction also implies organizational responses, influencing the deviant's behavior through treatment or punishment.
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Deviant Careers
Social groups construct deviance by defining rules and labeling individuals as outsiders.
Deviance isn't inherent to the act but a result of societal rules.
Labeled individuals become outsiders with a new social identity.
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Figure 5-1 General Assumptions of Labeling Theory
Representation of different influences on delinquent behavior and self-image based on labeling.
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The Juvenile Justice Process and Labeling (1 of 2)
Edwin Schur: Many delinquent acts are minor; unnecessary punishment can exacerbate situations.
Arrest leads to stereotyping and deeper involvement in the justice system.
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The Juvenile Justice Process and Labeling (2 of 2)
Schur advocates for radical nonintervention-policy to leave youths alone as much as possible.
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Table 5–1 Summary of Labeling Theory (1 of 2)
Tannenbaum: Youths processed, labeled, seen as different; leads to deviancy.
Introduced labeling concept.
Lemert: Focused on identity changes and primary/secondary deviations; significant role but overlooks secondary deviations.
Becker: Explained the relationship between societal rules and outsider status.
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Table 5–1 Summary of Labeling Theory (2 of 2)
Schur: More formal processing increases likelihood of deviant behavior; supported by research.
Triplett and Jarjoura: Examined formal/informal labelling effects; expanded understanding but neglected secondary deviations.
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Conflict Theory
Defines social control as resulting from unequal economic/political power distribution.
Laws viewed as tools for powerful to maintain control.
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Socioeconomic Class and Radical Criminology (1 of 2)
Radical criminology connects Marx's views on societal structure and change.
Split between bourgeoisie and proletariat under capitalism leads to class conflict.
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Socioeconomic Class and Radical Criminology (2 of 2)
Bourgeoisie's control over wealth leads to proletariat oppression.
Crime arises from poverty and disenfranchisement fostered by capitalism.
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Power and Authority Relationships
Conflict criminology emphasizes power dynamics.
Weber's framework includes economic context, power, and prestige in social hierarchy formation.
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Power-Control Thesis
Gender delinquency linked to familial power dynamics; fathers' control affects boys and girls differently.
Authority at work influences paternal control in households.
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Theory of Differential Oppression
Children's oppression by adults as a foundational social dynamic.
Authority misuse leads to childhood adaptation to adult norms; children experience varied degrees of oppression.
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Group and Culture Conflicts (1 of 2)
Culture conflict theorists Sellin and Vold argue for norms understanding to grasp crime causes.
Individual conduct norms across different social groups influence crime reactions.
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Group and Culture Conflicts (2 of 2)
Primary culture conflict arises from interactions lacking normative compatibility.
Secondary culture conflict occurs within societies with diverging subcultures.
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Table 5–2 Comparisons of Conflict Perspectives
Summarizes varying legal definitions and purposes of conflict across different perspectives (Marxist, power relationship, culture conflict).
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Restorative Justice and Peacemaking
Focus on teaching empathy in youthful offenders via feedback and validated relationships.
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Restorative Justice
Framework for community reestablishing bonds with youth; emphasizes inherent value in everyone.
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Community Conferencing and Sentencing Circles
Community conferences allow direct engagement between victims, youths, and community to address offenses.
Process includes healing circles followed by collective determination of actions through a sentencing circle.
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Exhibit 5–1 Restorative Justice and Related Treatment Interventions (1 of 2)
Overview of restorative justice interventions encompassing community conferencing, treatment options for offenders, and family group models.
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Exhibit 5–1 Restorative Justice and Related Treatment Interventions (2 of 2)
Continued focus on reparations, restitution, and victim-offender reconciliation programs.
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Figure 5–2 Restorative Justice Practices by State, 2022
Visual representation of restorative justice applications across various states.
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Delinquency and Social Policy: The Conflict Perspective (1 of 2)
Conflict perspective insights on addressing youth crime stressing human rights, influences of societal constructs on juvenile potential.
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Delinquency and Social Policy: The Conflict Perspective (2 of 2)
Notion of social injustice within juvenile systems; disparities in treatment between socio-economic classes.
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Figure 5–3 Contributions of Conflict Perspective to Social Policy
Summarizes contributions made by conflict theory to social policy.
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