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  •  Contrast : arrangement of opposite elements (light vs. dark colours, rough vs. smooth textures)  to create visual interest, excitement, and drama.

8 different types of contrast in art: 


  • Colour: complementary colours are contrast colours

  • Texture: use the surfaces of the artwork to create different effects - smooth vs. rough

  • Shape: using geometric vs. organic shapes, or big vs. small shapes, or even circles vs. squares.

  • Line: use different lines by creating elements with straight lines vs. curvy lines

  • Size: the contrast between big and small elements

  • Edge: elements have a soft or hard edge

  • Temperature: difference between warm and cool colours

  • Space: shifts focus to something meaningful on the page 



  • Variety : creating different areas of interest in an artwork. 

    • artists use elements that are different or contrasting. These can be contrasting values, contrasting colours, and/or different shapes, textures, patterns, proportions, quantities, and levels of detail.

Movement & Rhythm :  repeat elements at regular or random intervals.

  • create visual rhythm and eye movement,

  • creates a mood for the artwork 

  • 4 different types of visual movement & rhythm.

    • Regular—uses a set pattern of repetition to create a steady movement & rhythm. 

    • Random—a repeated pattern that has no particular order of occurrence 

    • Alternating —a regular movement & rhythm that combines two patterns at alternating intervals.

    • Progressive—a movement & rhythm that changes gradually, such as a series of rectangles that get slightly smaller, transforming in a steady sequence.

Emphasis: it dominates or stands out from the rest of the composition.

  • Focal point 


Balance: visually equalizing the elements in a work of art.

  • 3 types of balance: 

    • Symmetrical balance : two sides of a composition are mirror images of each other, used to express stability and establish visual order. 

    • Asymmetrical balance: more visual weight on one side 

    • radial balance: elements appear to revolve around a central point or radiate out from the centre of a circle.

Proportion:  is the size relationship between two or more objects and how the parts fit  together to make a whole. 

  • 2 ways to create proportion: 

    • Proportion of the face and body

  • Proportion using Scale 

  1. Line:

    1. Continuous mark made on a surface with a pointed tool

    2. Characteristics of a line:

      1. Length—long, short, segmented

      2. Density—light or dark

      3. Width—thick, thin, tapering, uneven

      4. Direction—horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curving, parallel, radial, zigzag

      5. Focus—sharp, blurry, fuzzy, choppy, solid, textured

      6. Expression—sharp, jagged, graceful, smooth,
        aggressive

  2. Shape

    1. A line that crosses itself or intersects with other lines to enclose a space

      1. There are 2 main categories of shape:

        1. Geometric shapes: Circles, squares, rectangles, and triangles

        2. Organic shapes: Leaves, seashells, and flowers. These are seen in nature

  3. Form

    1. Three dimensional aspect of an object. Form has height, width, and depth 

    2. Form can create illusion with shadows 

  4. Texture

    1. Surface quality of an object 

      1. There are 2 main categories of texture:

        1. Real Texture: is the actual texture of an object, used by artists to add visual interest or evoke emotions, such as roughness or polishedness

        2. Implied Texture: Implied texture is a two-dimensional optical illusion created by reproducing a desired pattern on a surface, such as a tree trunk, to create a rough appearance.

  5. Space

    1. There are 5 ways where the illusion can be created

      1. Overlapping objects and colours receding from light to dark create the illusion of space

      2. Overlapping images create the illusion of space 

      3. Linear perspective is a technique that uses a vanishing point

      4. Space can be created using cool colours, such as blue, purple and green in combination with warm colours such as red, orange and yellow 

      5. Arranging the size and position of images is another technique that creates the illusion of space 

    2. Positive space: space occupied by the actual form or subject of a composition 

    3. Negative space: Is the space around the form or subject

  6. Value

    1. The range of lightness and darkness in an artwork. This helps create depth within a picture by making an object look three dimensional, with highlights and shadows

    2. You are able to create value in grey tones 

    3. Value also refers to the lightness OR darkness of a colour 

      1. The 6 components of value:

        1. Highlight: very light values that show where the light hitting the object is strongest 

        2. Shadows: Dark values showing where no light is reaching the object 

        3. High-Key: Refers to a picture that has mainly light values 

        4. Low-key: refers to a picture that has mainly dark values 

        5. Value contrast: occurs when light values are placed next to dark values to create contrast or strong differences 

        6. Value scale: a scale that shows the gradual change in value from the lightest value, white to the darkest value black.

      2. Value in artwork:

  7. Colour

    1. Comes from light

    2. Light rays move in a straight path from a light source. Withing a light ray are all the colours in the rainbow or spectrum





  1.  Different types of contour line drawing (i.e. blind, continuous, cross-contour, modified)

  2. Different types of pencil and ink techniques (i.e. hatching, stippling, cross-hatching, scumbling,  woodgrain, etc.) 

    1. Hatching: drawing vertical lines (space of lines = shading) 

    2. Cross - hatching: diagonal lines going in opposite directions (less lines = less dark) 

    3. Stippling : dots with your pencil 

    4. Wood grain : curvy shapes - lines loop around each other but don’t touch 

    5. Scribbles: circular motions with pencil - smaller/ tighter = darker 

    6. Scrumbles : short random curvy marks, more pointy than scribbles 

  3. Primary Colours - Colours from which all other colours are  made (red, yellow , blue )

  4. Secondary Colours - Colours that are created from mixing equal amounts of a pair of primary colours (Orange, Green, Violet) 

  5. Tertiary/Intermediate Colours - Colours made from equal amounts of a pair of primary and secondary colours (Yellow-Green, Yellow-Orange, Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, Red-Violet, Red-Orange)  

    1. The analogous colour scheme: is 3-5 colours adjacent to each other on the colour wheel. This combination of colours provides very little contrast.

    2. monochromatic colour schemes: have only one colour ( can have diff shades) 

 

  1. Tints:  lightened colours. Always begin with white and add a bit of colour  until the desired tint is obtained.

  2. Tone ; are colours with grey added to it.

  3. Shade:  darkened colours. Always begin with the colour and add just a bit of black till the desired shade of a colour.

  4. Hue -a  colour or shade that is true 

  5. Watercolour Paint– can be diluted with water 

  6. What is sculpture/sculpting:  Sculpture is creating 3D objects from materials like clay, metal, or stone. Sculpting is the process of making these objects.

  7. Process of preparing clay – wedging 

  8. Armature - Metal frame of sculpture to outline structure of project 

  9. Additive process- 

  10. Subtractive process-  removing material from a solid block of starting material

  11.  Different types of sculpture and techniques – modelling, assemblage, carving, etc.   

  • Modelling - artist uses soft, pliable material such as wax, clay, or plaster 

  • Assemblage - A collection of artwork created by an artist

  • Carving - created an objected by cutting, chipping, or removing material from a solid mass using carving tools

  1.  High Relief - the figures in the sculpture are dramatically raised from the ground, sometimes basically in the group 

  2.  Low/Bas Relief -  figures  that are only slightly raised from the surface of the background 

  3.  Non-Objective Abstract Art - uses colour and shapes to show emotions, no specific images visible 


Critical Analysis Steps 

• Describe 

• Analyze 

• Interprete 

• Judge