APWH Unit 7 Part 1 Reference Sheet Notes

Russia

Tsarist control weakens in the early 1900s.
Internal Factors:
- Slow to industrialize compared to the US, Japan, and most of Europe.
- Limited expansion of education for peasants.
- Inadequate infrastructure development.
- Lack of support for entrepreneurs.
- Resistance to political reform, civil liberties, and government participation.
- Bloody Sunday (1905): Peaceful protest for better conditions, wages, and suffrage, resulting in 1300 deaths by the Tsar's troops.
- Revolution of 1905: Response to Bloody Sunday with 400,000 workers striking; thousands died, were injured, or exiled.
External Factors:
- Weak economy leads to a weak military due to internal factors.
- Lost the Crimean War (1853-1856) against the Ottoman Empire.
- Lost the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) against Japan.
- Revolution takes place in 1917 during WWI.
Effects/Result:
- Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin seize power, establishing a communist government.
- First instance of communists running a large country, viewed as a threat by the Western world.

China

Qing Dynasty replaced by a republic in the early 1900s.
Internal Factors:
- Ethnic tension between the Han majority and the Manchu Qing rulers.
- Famine due to rapid population growth and natural disasters.
- Low revenues due to an outdated tax system, hindering infrastructure maintenance.
External Factors:
- Industrialization of Europe.
- European influence in the Chinese economy despite China's silver wealth from trade.
Effects/Result:
- In 1911, a revolutionary movement overthrows the Qing Dynasty.
- Sun Yat-sen leads China, promoting Confucian ideals and the Three People’s Principles (democracy, nationalism, and economic restructuring).
- Sun Yat-sen lacks a strong military, leading to warlord threats.
- He gives his position to a military leader but remains influential.
- The Chinese Nationalist Party/Kuomintang regains power and rules for 2 decades.

Ottoman Empire

Self-determination leads to the Republic of Turkey as the empire collapses.
Internal Factors:
- Agricultural economy unable to compete with industrialized Europe.
- Reform groups like the Young Turks advocate for a constitution and Turkification, leading to persecution of Armenians.
External Factors:
- Weakened economy due to declining trade.
- WWI: The Ottoman Empire sides with Germany due to resentment of foreign trading policies with Britain and France.
Effects/Result:
- After losing WWI, the Ottoman Empire is split into several countries, including the Republic of Turkey.
- In 1921, Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish Nationalists defeat British forces.
- In 1923, Kemal becomes the first president (Ataturk).
- Ataturk focuses on creating a secular nation and reforms like public education, abolishing polygyny, and women’s suffrage.
- Becomes a dictator for 15 years despite western-style reforms.

Mexico

Dictator Porfirio Diaz is overthrown, and the PRI takes over.
Internal Factors:
- Opposition to Dictator Porfirio Diaz and his policies.
- Concentration of land ownership: the wealthiest 1% controlled 97% of the land.
- Diaz refused land reform and jailed opponents like Francisco Madero.
- He gave foreign investors control over most of Mexico’s resources (specifically the US).
External Factors:
- Economic involvement of foreigners due to Diaz’s policies.
Effects/Result:
- Diaz flees, leading to instability and violence from 1910-1920; 2 million deaths.
- Mexico adopts a constitution in 1917 focusing on land redistribution, universal suffrage, and public education.
- The Institutional Revolutionary Party/PRI is formed in 1929 and dominates politics.

WWI: Causes, Methods, and Effects

Causes (MAIN):
- M = Militarism: Industrialization leading to mass production of weapons and larger armies.
  - Examples: chemical weapons, tanks, planes, artillery weapons, grenades, machine guns.
- A = Alliances: Countries fostering relationships for support.
  - Triple Alliance/Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (initially), Ottoman Empire.
  - Triple Entente/Allies: Britain, France, Russia (initially), Italy (later), US (later), Japan, China.
- I = Imperialism: Competition over colonization, resources, and culture.
- N = Nationalism: Extreme pride in culture/national identity.
  - Propaganda fuels the war, making it a total and global war.
Misconception: The war was initially thought to be a short, glorious adventure.
New Technology/Strategies:
- Trench warfare.
- Poison gas (chlorine, phosgene, mustard gas).
- Machine guns.
- Submarines (early edition), U-Boats (German subs).
- Airplanes (early edition).
- Tanks (early edition).
- Barbed wire.
Total War vs. Global War
- Total War: All levels of society involved, domestic and military.
  - Examples: propaganda, women in factories, nurses, ambulance drivers, switchboard operators.
- Global War: War expanded beyond Austria-Hungary and Serbia to include allies and colonies.
  - Colonies used for resources and soldiers.
Immediate Cause/Spark: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.
- WHY: Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, ruling over Bosnia.
- WHAT: June 28, 1914, the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist group, attempts to assassinate the archduke
  - Gavrilo Princip shoots Franz Ferdinand and his wife.
- HOW: This ignites the MAIN causes.
Why does the US join?
- Zimmerman Note (Germany to Mexico).
- Continued attacks by U-Boats, including the Lusitania.
Effects and Interwar Years
- WWI ends with the Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles.
  - Big Four: Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
  - Russia was not invited, and Italy walked out.
  - Major decisions:
    - Self-determination of colonies mostly ignored.
    - Treaty of Versailles signed.
    - League of Nations created (US did not join).
Treaty of Versailles
- Germany forced to accept blame (Guilt Clause).
- Germany forced to pay billions in reparations.
- Germany forced to give up colonies.
- Germany forced to restrict its military and navy.

Great Depression

Build-Up to the Great Depression
- 1920s: Germany prints money, causing inflation.
- 1920s: France and Britain struggle to pay war debts to the US due to Germany’s issues.
- 1920s: Russia refuses to pay prerevolutionary debts.
Immediate Causes
- Agricultural overproduction and the US Stock Market Crash in 1929.
Impact
- Germany suffers the most.
- Africa, Asia, and Latin America suffer.
- Japan relies on foreign trade.
- Even WWI victors suffer.
- By 1932, over 30 million unemployed worldwide.
Policies to Fix the Great Depression
- Keynesian Economics: Government intervention, deficit spending, cutting taxes.
- New Deal: Franklin Delano Roosevelt's administration, using Keynesian Economics.
  - Relief, recovery, and reform.
- Devaluing Currency: Used by Japan.
  - The government lowered the value of its money in relation to other currencies
  - Japan also expanded its military
- War?: WWII ends up helping the US out of the Great Depression

Political Revolutions and Their Attempts to Fix Economies

Russia
- CONTEXT:
  - Communists successful in the Russian Civil War (1918-1921).
- VLADIMIR LENIN’S FIX
  - 1921 New Economic Plan (NEP) reintroduced private trade and some economic liberties
- JOSEPH STALIN’S FIX
  - Takes control as dictator after Lenin’s death
  - Five Year Plan to make the USSR/Soviet Union industrialized: includes collectivization.
Mexico
- Institutional Revolutionary Party/PRI
  - Improved economy from 1930-1970, especially through Lazaro Cardenas and land reform.
  - Ex. nationalizing oil industry (PEMEX).
  - Not many changes, however, to social reform; issues with corruption remain

Rise of Right-Wing Governments

Fascism
- Italy and Benito Mussolini
  - Even though Italy was on the winning side of WWI, it was neglected at the Paris Peace Conference
  - Parliament was overtaken by Mussolini and his fascist allies, and he became dictator and controlled all parts of Italian society
  - Traits of fascism in Italy/with Mussolini
    - Glorified militarism, brute force, intense nationalism called hypernationalism.
    - Based his state on the notion that sectors of the economy were separate organs of the same body (corporatism) and must support the whole
    - Pushed for imperialism in Africa
    - Totalitarian state - government controlled all aspects of society.
- Spain and fascism
  - Two opposing ideologies fight in the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s
    - Republicans/Loyalists/Popular Front: left-wing parties focused on land reform (peasants and radicals support).
    - Nationalists/Conservative forces: Catholic Church, high-ranking militia who were opposed to changes, led by Francisco Franco
  - Franco Wins
    - Defeats the loyalist army and rules Spain as a dictator until 1975.
    - Leads Spain to remain neutral during WWII, yet still offer some help to Germany, Italy, and Japan
- Brazil and fascism
  - Getulio Vargas takes over as president during a bloodless coup (illegal seizure of power) in 1930
  - While many thought he was pro-democracy and gave him support, he acted like Mussolini
    - Took away individual political freedoms, censored press, abolished political parties, imprisoned political opponents, hypernationalism.
    - Oddly enough, sided with the Allies in WWII, which helped it look less like a dictatorship; the leads to the push for more democracy by citizens after WWII.