pa psych unit 5
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Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health1 .
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Stress is the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event2 .
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Eustress: “good” stress, situations that are challenging but manageable and can lead to growth2 .
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Distress: “bad” stress, situations that are difficult and have a negative impact3 .
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Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): negative experiences that affect a child’s brain and health as they grow into adults3 .
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General adaptation syndrome (GAS): Selye proposed that the body’s adaptive response to stress is so general that, like a single burglar alarm, it sounds, no matter what intrudes4 .
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Alarm reaction: In Phase 1 of GAS, your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated4 .
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Resistance: During Phase 2 of GAS, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream5 .
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Exhaustion: You have reached Phase 3 of GAS. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death5 .
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Tend-and-befriend response: Facing stress, women may have a tend-and-befriend response(providing or gaining support from others)6 .
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Problem-focused coping: We address some stressors directly, with problem-focused coping6 .
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Emotion-focused coping: We turn to emotion-focused coping when we believe we cannot change a situation7 .
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Positive psychology use scientific methods to study human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive8 .
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Subjective well-being is your perception of being happy or satisfied with life8 .
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Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: Happy people tend to be healthy, energized, and satisfied with life, which makes them more willing to help others (the feel-good, do-good phenomenon)8 .
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Resilience in positive psychology refers to the ability to cope with whatever life throws at you9 .
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Mindfulness meditation is a reflective practice of attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner10 .
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Post-Traumatic Growth: This occurs after trauma, where individuals learn to make meaning, heal, and grow from the trauma they have experienced11 .
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Psychological disorder is a syndrome (collection of symptoms) marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior12 .
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Dysfunctional: interfering with normal day-to-day functioning12 .
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Deviant: behavior is abnormal12 .
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Distressing/Maladaptive: behavior causes significant psychological, emotional, physical, or social harm12 .
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Comorbidity: the presence of more than one psychological disorder, often because they are linked Ex. Anxiety & depression13 .
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Medical model: concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital14 .
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Psychopathology: an illness of the mind14 .
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Culture-bound syndromes are disorders which only seem to exist within certain cultures; they demonstrate how culture can play a role in both causing and defining a disorder15 .
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Susto: (Latin America) severe anxiety, restlessness and a fear of black magic15 .
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Tajin-kyofusho: (Japan)social anxiety about one’s appearance leading to social withdrawal16 .
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Amok: (Malaysia) sudden outburst of violent behavior16 .
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Diathesis: predisposition16 .
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Stress: environmental events or challenges that can trigger or exacerbate mental health conditions16 .
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Epigenetics: the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change17 .
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A group of neurological disorders that impact the development and functioning of the brain and nervous system18 .
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Schizophrenia (literally translates to “split mind”) is a disorder characterized by delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (false sensory experiences), disorganized thoughts, and/or inappropriate emotional expression19 .
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Psychotic disorders: a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality20 .
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Paranoia: fear that someone or something is out to get you20 .
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Flat affect: displaying no apparent feeling/emotion21 .
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Positive Symptoms - an addition of inappropriate emotions and/or behaviors21 .
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Hallucinations: [under Positive Symptoms]21 .
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Delusions: [under Positive Symptoms]21 .
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Disorganized thought/speech: [under Positive Symptoms]21 .
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Bizarre movements/actions: [under Positive Symptoms]21 .
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Negative Symptoms - a lack of appropriate emotions and/or behaviors21 .
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Flat affect: [under Negative Symptoms]21 .
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Reduced social interaction: [under Negative Symptoms]21 .
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Anhedonia: [under Negative Symptoms]21 .
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Alogia: (speaking less or not at all)21 .
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Catatonia: (moving less or not at all)21 .
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Chronic schizophrenia is when schizophrenic symptoms appear in adolescence in early adulthood, but psychotic episodes become more frequent and severe as they age22 .
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Acute schizophrenia can begin at any age and is usually in response to a traumatic event22 .
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Mood disorder is characterized by extreme or inappropriate emotions23 .
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Major Depressive Disorder (aka depression) is a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest/please (anhedonia)23 .
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Bipolar disorder (formerly known as manic-depressive disorder) is when a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania24 .
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Mania: When a depressive episode ends, a euphoric, overly talkative wildly energetic and extremely optimistic state called mania follows24 .
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Anxiety disorders are marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety25 .
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Social anxiety disorder is extreme fear and avoidance of social settings25 .
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Generalized anxiety disorder (or GAD) is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal26 .
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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations often followed by worry over a possible next attack26 .
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Agoraphobia: the fear and avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control or panic27 .
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Phobia: a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation27 .
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD: an anxiety disorder marked by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both28 .
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Dissociative disorders are controversial and rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and/or feelings29 .
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Dissociative Amnesia: sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to memory loss29 .
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Dissociative Identity Disorder - a.k.a. multiple personality disorder30 .
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (or PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience31 .
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Anorexia Nervosa: an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes engaging in excessive exercise32 .
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Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight loss behavior, such as purging, laxative use, and/or excessive exercise32 .
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Binge Eating Disorder: significant episodes of excessive eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt (but without the compensatory behavior seen in bulimia nervosa)32 .
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Personality disorders are inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning33 .
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Avoidant Personality Disorder (C): Extreme shyness, feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to rejection/evaluation; individuals feel inferior to others, avoid activities that involve interpersonal contact; feels socially inept, reluctant to take risks to avoid embarrassment33 .
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Borderline Personality Disorder (B): pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions very impulsive, often demonstrating self-injurious behaviors; frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, related to an intolerance of being alone, need to have other people with them at all times; inappropriate anger, chronic feelings of emptiness34 .
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Schizoid Personality Disorder (A): uncommon condition in which people avoid social activities, shy away from interaction with others; lack desire/skills to form close personal relationships; To others, appears dull or humorless, doesn't tend to show emotion, may appear as though they don’t care; may seem aloof but actually feel lonely34 .
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Histrionic Personality Disorder (B): uncomfortable when not the center of attention; Inappropriate sexual seductive or provocative behavior; Displays rapidly shifting and shallow emotions; Show self dramatization, theatricality, exaggerated expression of emotion; Considers relationships to be more intimate than reality35 .
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder (B): Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance; Lacks empathy, overly self involved; Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love; Can only associate with equally “special” individuals; Sense of entitlement35 .
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Antisocial Personality Disorder(B): Lack of empathy, morality; Disobeys laws, ethical rules, lacks conscience; Little or no regard for other people’s feelings; Manipulative, impulsive, lacks sense of guilt; Reckless disregard for safety of self or others; Views the world as hostile and looks out only for themselves; May be charming, personable and friendly36 .
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Psychotherapy is a treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth37 .
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Meta-analysis: [appears under Psychotherapy, likely referring to analysis of psychotherapy effectiveness]37 .
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Biomedical therapy is the use of prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology37 .
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Eclectic approach to psychotherapy uses techniques from a variety of different therapies to treat a patient37 .
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Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach which involves techniques to uncover content from the patient’s unconscious mind. These techniques include free association and dream interpretation to release previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight38 .
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Interpretation: [Psychoanalysts will use] interpretation (notes on hidden meanings or repressed content) to help patients achieve self-insight38 .
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Resistance: blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material39 .
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Transference: misplaced feelings for one’s therapist (anger, resentment, love, lust, etc.)39 .
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Psychodynamic therapy is derived from psychoanalysis and views the individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight39 .
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Cognitive therapy teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking. This approach is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions39 .
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Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions40 .
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Behavior therapy applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors40 .
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Counterconditioning: procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors40 .
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Exposure therapy: forcing patients to confront their fears41 .
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Systematic desensitization: in a relaxed state incrementally expose the person to the object of anxiety41 .
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Aversive conditioning: substitute a negative response with a positive one by pair undesirable behavior with negative stimulus42 .
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Modeling: [under Operant Conditioning in Therapy]42 .
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Positive reinforcement: [under Operant Conditioning in Therapy]42 .
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Token economies: where patients earn points or tokens for exhibiting desired behaviors that can be exchanged for rewards42 .
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Behavior modification: [under Operant Conditioning in Therapy]42 .
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Applied Behavior Analysis: [under Operant Conditioning in Therapy]42 .
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): A popular integrative therapy combines the technique of changing one’s thinking with techniques to change one’s actions known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)43 .
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy: [under CBT]44 .
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): [under CBT]44 .
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Humanistic approach to therapy was championed by Carl Rogers and emphasizes people’s innate potential for self-fulfillment44 .
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Insight therapies: aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses44 .
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Client-centered therapy: in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening (hearing a client without providing judgment, opinion, or interruption while repeating or clarifying key points to demonstrate you have been paying attention) within an accepting, genuine, and empathetic environment to facilitate a client’s growth44 .
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Unconditional positive regard: a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude44 .
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Group therapy: or treatment conducted in with several patients at once, can provide benefits through group interaction45 .
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Family therapy: a special type of group therapy is family therapy, which treats people in the context of their family system, viewing an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by and/or a by-product of the family dynamic45 .
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Social influence theory: [under Hypnosis]46 .
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Dissociation theory: [under Hypnosis]46 .
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Posthypnotic suggestion: [under Hypnosis]46 .
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Posthypnotic amnesia: [under Hypnosis]46 .
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Psychopharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior47 .
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Antipsychotics: [Medications] Calm hallucinations and delusions48 .
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Anti-anxiety: [Medications] Depress central nervous system activity48 .
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Antidepressants: [Medications] Elevate arousal and mood48 .
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Mood stabilizers: [Medications] Levels the extreme emotional highs/ lows49 .
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Electroconvulsive (ECT): [Procedures] Use of brief electrical currents on targeted areas of a patient’s brain49 .
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): [Procedures] Application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain to depress or stimulate brain activity49 .
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Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): [Procedures] Use of implanted electrodes to send signals to targeted areas of the brain50 .
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Lobotomy/Lesioning: [Procedures] The removal or destruction of brain tissue50 .
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Therapeutic lifestyle change: Restore healthy biological state. Alter lifestyle through adequate exercise, sleep, nutrition, and other changes50 .