HOSA NOTES

Primary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, and Tertiary Prevention

  • Primary Prevention:

    • Prevents disease before it occurs.
    • Example: Vaccinations to prevent infections.

  • Secondary Prevention:

    • Detects and treats diseases early to prevent progression.
    • Example: Mammograms for early breast cancer detection.

  • Tertiary Prevention:

    • Manages existing diseases to reduce complications and improve quality of life.
    • Example: Rehabilitation for stroke patients.

Restorative Care

  • Definition: Helps individuals regain function and independence after illness or injury.
  • Example: Physical therapy after surgery.

Holistic Health

  • Definition: Categorizes factors influencing health as internal (biological and psychological) or external (social and environmental).

Stressful Events (Social Readjustment Rating Scale - SRRS)

  • Most stressful events for adults (in order):
    • Death of a spouse
    • Divorce
    • Marital separation
    • Imprisonment
    • Death of a close family member.

Healthcare Policies and Programs

  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration):

    • Regulates food, drugs, and medical devices.

  • COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act):

    • Provides the right to continue health insurance after leaving a job.

  • AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children):

    • A program that provided financial assistance to low-income families, replaced by TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) in 1996.

Health Insurance Terms

  • Co-payment:

    • A fixed amount the patient pays for a medical service, usually at the time of the visit, with the insurance covering the rest.

  • Deductible:

    • The amount the patient must pay for medical services before the insurance policy starts covering the costs.

  • Co-insurance:

    • The percentage of costs the patient shares after the deductible is met.

  • Provision:

    • A term in insurance policies that refers to specific terms, conditions, or coverage clauses.

Medicare and Medicaid

  • Medicare:

    • A federal program providing healthcare for individuals aged 65 and older, and some younger individuals with disabilities.

  • Medicaid:

    • A joint federal and state program providing healthcare for individuals with low incomes, and for those who are physically disabled or blind.

  • Tricare:

    • A health insurance program for military personnel, retirees, and their families.

Healthcare Providers

  • Preferred provider:
    • A healthcare provider that is part of an insurance network offering services at a reduced cost to patients.

Scope of Practice

  • Definition: The identification of and legal limitations to the skills and duties a professional is authorized to perform.

Patient Confidentiality

  • Definition: The ethical and legal obligation to protect a patient's personal health information.

Licensure Compact

  • Definition: An agreement between states that allows healthcare professionals to practice across state lines without needing additional licenses.

Developmental Psychology

Infant Ordinal Position

  • Whether the infant is:
    • An only child
    • An oldest child
    • A youngest child
    • A middle child

Disengagement Theory

  • Definition: The process of removing emotional attachments to people, places, and objects as part of the natural aging process.

Medicare Contribution

  • Note: Benefits are received after contributions are made through payroll deductions.

Neonatal Period

  • Definition: Refers to the period of the first 30 days of life.

Fraternal Twins

  • Definition: Develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm, genetically distinct, sharing about 50% of DNA, and can be different sexes.

Health Insurance Structures

  • HMO (Health Maintenance Organization):
    • Provides care for prepaid members.
    • Offers comprehensive health services for a fixed annual fee.

Diabetes Overview

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

  • Type 1 Diabetes:

    • An autoimmune disease where the body attacks insulin-producing cells.
    • Requires insulin injections and usually starts in childhood or adolescence.

  • Type 2 Diabetes:

    • The body either does not use insulin properly (insulin resistance) or does not produce enough insulin.
    • Often linked to lifestyle factors and usually develops in adulthood.

General Overview of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

  • Definition: A condition where the body can't properly regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels due to issues with insulin.
  • Note: Umbrella term for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

  • Definition: A rare condition where the body can't regulate water balance, leading to excessive thirst and urination.
  • Note: Unrelated to blood sugar levels.

Religion vs. Spirituality

  • Religion: A structured system of beliefs, practices, and worship, often tied to a specific faith or institution.
  • Spirituality: Encompasses personal beliefs about self, others, and a higher power, making it a better fit for personal beliefs.

Child Discipline Strategies

  • Different strategies are suitable for different age groups:

    • 2–5 years:

    • Elimination of temptation: More effective as young children are easily distracted and lack impulse control.

    • 6–8 years:

    • Establishment of clear-cut rules: Relevant for this age group developing understanding of rules and consequences.

    • 9–12 years:

    • Flexibility and realism: Older children require balance between structure and flexibility due to developing abstract thinking.

    • 13+ years (Adolescents):

    • Keeping lines of communication open: Most important as they seek independence and require ongoing dialogue with parents.

Early Childhood Learning

  • Age 0-2: Children focus on basic learning (motor skills and language); discipline needed is guidance and positive reinforcement.
  • Age 3–5: Critical development stage where behaviors are learned predominantly through observation and imitation, making modeling appropriate behavior crucial.
  • Age 6-8: Children understand rules and consequences but need clear rules for consistency versus modeling.
  • Age 9-12: Capable of abstract thinking; require more verbal explanations about behavior.

Grandparenting Styles

  • Formal Grandparents: Maintain a distant, respectful relationship, not taking on child-rearing responsibilities.
  • Surrogate Grandparents: Assume primary responsibility for child-rearing when parents are unavailable.
  • Informal/Spoiler Grandparents: Spoil grandchildren with love and indulgence, without direct child-rearing duties.
  • Wisdom Provider Grandparents: Offer guidance and emotional support without being involved in day-to-day child-rearing.

Cognitive Development Theories

Vygotsky's Theory

  • Key Concepts:
    • Emphasizes social interaction in cognitive development.
    • Introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
    • Advocated for scaffolding in education, providing temporary support to learners for task completion and gradually reducing support as competence grows.

Genetics

Karyotype

  • Definition: The complete set of chromosomes in an organism, arranged and displayed in standard format to examine chromosomal structure and number.

Phenotype

  • Definition: The observable physical characteristics or traits of an organism, such as eye color or height.

Cell Type

  • Definition: Classification of cells based on their structure and function, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, etc.

Genotype

  • Definition: The genetic constitution of an organism, specifically the alleles inherited from its parents that determine traits.

Fetal Development Markers

First Trimester (Weeks 1-12)

  • Sexual differentiation: By the end of the 3rd month, external genitalia become evident.
  • Heartbeat: Detectable by ultrasound by the 6th week.
  • Facial Features: Basic facial features form by the end of the first trimester.

Second Trimester (Weeks 13-26)

  • Fetal Movement (Quickening): Felt around 16-20 weeks.
  • Hearing: Fetus can hear external sounds by 18-20 weeks.
  • Sex Organs Visible: Can be determined via ultrasound by 18 weeks.

Third Trimester (Weeks 27-40)

  • Lung Maturity: By 34 weeks, lungs mature enough for breathing outside womb.
  • Head Position: Baby's head may drop into pelvic area around 36 weeks in preparation for birth.
  • Full Development of Physical Traits: Fully developed by end of third trimester, skin becomes less wrinkled.
  • Dilation, Molding, Contraction, and Effacement: Definitions of these terms related to labor and childbirth:
    • Dilation: Opening of the cervix for baby passage.
    • Molding: Reshaping of baby’s head during delivery.
    • Contraction: Tightening of uterine muscles during labor.
    • Effacement: Thinning and shortening of cervix during labor.

Genetic Disorders and Conditions

  • Cystic Fibrosis: Genetic disorder causing thick mucus, affecting lungs and digestion.
  • Huntington's Disease: Hereditary neurodegenerative disease with progressive symptoms affecting motor function and cognitive decline.
  • PKU (Phenylketonuria): Metabolic disorder leading to brain damage if untreated, due to inability to process phenylalanine.
  • Fragile X Syndrome: Genetic condition causing intellectual disability and behavioral issues due to a mutation in FMR1 gene.

Neonatal Anatomy

  • Fontanels: Soft spots on newborn's skull that allow for shape changes during birth.
  • Molding: Elongated appearance of newborn's skull due to pressure during delivery.
  • Sutures: Joints between skull bones allowing growth.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

  • Gonorrhea: Bacterial STI causing burning urination and discharge; may lead to infertility untreated.
  • Chlamydia: Often asymptomatic, can lead to pelvic pain and infertility untreated.
  • Syphilis: Starts as sores and can progress to severe organ damage if untreated.
  • PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease): Infection of female reproductive organs, often from untreated STIs, leading to infertility.

Common Childhood Health Problems

Viral Infections

  • Chickenpox (Varicella): Characterized by itchy rashes and fever.
  • Measles: Highly contagious with fever, cough, red rash.
  • Mumps: Viral illness leading to swelling of salivary glands, fever, fatigue.
  • Rubella: Mild rash and fever.
  • Influenza (Flu): Symptoms include fever, body aches, respiratory issues.
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Common in infants; can lead to cold-like symptoms but serious for infants and older adults.
  • Croup: Barking cough and breathing difficulty due to upper airway swelling.
  • Rotavirus: Leads to severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Bacterial Infections

  • Whooping Cough (Pertussis): Severe coughing fits.
  • Scarlet Fever: Red rash and sore throat.
  • Strep Throat: Sore throat with white patches, fever.
  • Ear Infections: Painful fluid buildup in ears.
  • Meningitis: Inflammation of brain/spinal cord membranes, can be viral or bacterial.

Genetic Disorders & Syndromes

  • Cystic Fibrosis: Thick mucus in lungs and digestive issues.
  • Down Syndrome: Delayed development and facial features.
  • Fragile X Syndrome: Leads to intellectual disabilities, speech delays.
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU): Inability to process phenylalanine, leading to brain damage untreated.
  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Causes progressive muscle weakness.
  • Sickle Cell Disease: Mutation leads to sickle-shaped red blood cells, causing pain and anemia.
  • Tay-Sachs Disease: Affects nerve cells leading to severe development delays.
  • Turner Syndrome: Affects females, leading to short stature, delayed puberty.
  • Klinefelter Syndrome: Affects males, leading to developmental delays, infertility.
  • Williams Syndrome: Causes heart issues and distinctive facial features.

Autoimmune & Chronic Conditions

  • Type 1 Diabetes: Body attacks insulin-producing cells, leading to high blood sugar.
  • Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Chronic joint inflammation.
  • Celiac Disease: Immune reaction to gluten damaging intestines.
  • Asthma: Causes difficulty breathing due to airway inflammation.
  • Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Chronic itchy skin condition.

Neurological & Developmental Disorders

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Affects social interaction and communication.
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Causes impulsivity and focus difficulties.
  • Cerebral Palsy: Affects muscle movement and coordination.
  • Epilepsy: Causes recurrent seizures.

Other Childhood Conditions

  • Food Allergies: Immune reaction to specific foods.
  • Kawasaki Disease: Causes inflammation in blood vessels in children.
  • Bronchiolitis: Common lung infection in young children; causes swelling and irritation.
  • Pneumonia: Inflammation and fluid in lungs caused by infections.
  • Acne: Results from clogged pores and hormonal changes.

Common Teenagers Health Problems

  • Common Cold: Caused by rhinovirus with symptoms of runny nose, cough, congestion.
  • Chlamydia: Bacterial STI, often asymptomatic but can lead to painful urination and discharge.
  • Gonorrhea: Bacterial STI with painful urination and abnormal discharge.
  • Genital Herpes: Caused by herpes simplex virus, painful sores or blisters.
  • HPV (Human Papillomavirus): STI leading to genital warts; risk for cervical cancer.
  • Syphilis: Presents with painless sore, rashes, flu-like symptoms if untreated.
  • HIV/AIDS: Causes flu-like symptoms and weakened immune system.
  • Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Causes itchy, dry skin patches due to genetic/environmental factors.
  • Psoriasis: Autoimmune disorder leading to itchy, scaly skin patches.
  • Depression: Persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue from various factors.
  • Anxiety: Excessive worry, panic attacks, restlessness.
  • Eating Disorders: Anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorders.

Common Adult Health Problems

Chronic Conditions

  • Type 2 Diabetes: Caused by insulin resistance; leads to fatigue, slow healing.
  • Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Causes headaches, dizziness, heart risks.
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Due to plaque buildup, can cause chest pain.
  • Asthma: Inflammation of airways leading to breathing issues.
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Due to lung irritants; chronic cough and breathlessness.
  • Osteoarthritis: Breakdown of cartilage causing pain and stiffness.
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation.
  • Gout: Buildup of uric acid causing joint pain.
  • Influenza: Viral infection causing fever and aches.
  • Common Cold: Viral, producing runny nose, sore throat.
  • HIV/AIDS: Weakens the immune system; flu-like symptoms.
  • Hepatitis: Liver inflammation with multiple types; leads to jaundice and abdominal pain.

Reproductive Health

  • Genital Herpes: Painful sores and itching.
  • Chlamydia: Abnormal discharge and urinary pain, often asymptomatic.
  • Gonorrhea: Same symptoms as chlamydia with potential for serious outcomes.
  • Syphilis: Begins with painless sores, followed by rashes.
  • HPV: Leads to warts and can cause cervical cancer.
  • Cervical Cancer: Often related to HPV infection.
  • Endometriosis: Tissue growing outside the uterus causes severe pain.
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Hormonal imbalance leading to irregular periods.

Neurological Diseases

  • Alzheimer’s Disease: Neurodegeneration causing memory impairment and confusion.
  • Parkinson’s Disease: Loss of dopamine cells causing movement issues.
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Immune system attacks nervous system causing weakness.

Digestive Disorders

  • Crohn's Disease: Abdominal pain and diarrhea from autoimmune issues.
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Functional disorder leading to digestive irregularities.
  • Gallstones: Hardened deposits causing severe pain.
  • Kidney Disease: High blood pressure and diabetes lead to organ dysfunction.

Skin Conditions

  • Psoriasis: Autoimmune, leading to scaly skin patches.
  • Acne: Clogged pores and hormonal factors leading to skin issues.

Age-Related Health Problems

Late Adulthood Issues

  • Osteoarthritis: Joint pain from cartilage breakdown.
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune joint inflammation leading to mobility issues.
  • Cataracts: Clouding of the lens leading to vision problems.
  • Glaucoma: Damage to optic nerve from high pressure causing vision loss.
  • Macular Degeneration: Damage leading to central vision loss.
  • Hypertension: Causes various complications if untreated.
  • Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident): Caused by blood vessel issues in the brain.
  • Emphysema: Damage to lung air sacs leading to breathing difficulties.
  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Long-term kidney damage leading to complications.

General Health Terms

  • Sleep Apnea: Interruption of breathing during sleep.
  • Celiac Disease: Gluten intolerance leading to severe digestive issues.
  • Thyroid Disorders: Abnormal function of the thyroid leading to various symptoms.
  • Chronic Constipation: Resulting from various GI issues.
  • Migraine: Severe headaches from brain activity changes.
  • Diabetic Retinopathy: Eye condition due to diabetes affecting vision.

Psychological and Behavioral Health

  • Depression: Persistent sadness, low energy; influenced by multiple factors.
  • Anxiety: Excess stress response, impacting daily life.
  • Bipolar Disorder: Extreme emotional fluctuations between highs and lows.
  • Schizophrenia: Disturbances in thought and perception.

Behavioral Definitions

  • Fluid Intelligence: Ability to solve problems abstractly, peaks in young adulthood.
  • Crystallized Intelligence: Knowledge and skills accumulated over time; increases with age.
  • Emotional Intelligence: Recognizing and managing emotions in oneself and others.

Factors Affecting Relationships

Types of Love

  • Infatuation: Intense passion often based on idealized attributes.
  • Affectionate Love: Deep emotional closeness without intense passion.
  • Romantic Love: Combines passion with intimacy without long-term commitment.
  • Consummate Love: The ideal form combining passion, intimacy, and commitment.

Common Medical Conditions

  • Gingivitis: Mild gum disease causing irritation and swelling.
  • Leukemia: Blood cancer characterized by rapid production of abnormal cells.
  • Herpes Zoster: Viral infection resulting in painful rashes.
  • Sarcopenia: Age-related muscle mass loss.
  • Astigmatism: Blurred vision due to irregularly shaped cornea or lens.
  • Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing; various types of respiratory abnormality.