Soci Exam2
Chapter 4:
Socialization - the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group
Sigmund Freud - psychoanalysis, theories helped sociologists gain better understanding of social behavior
Charles Cooley- believed that the sense of self depends on seeing oneself reflected in interactions with others
Looking-glass self: self develops through our perception of others’ evaluations and appraisals of us
George Herbert Mead; expands Cooley’s ideas
Self-development stages:
Preparatory stage (under 2) - mimicking or imitation
Play stage (2-6) - taking on the role of the “significant other”
Game stage (7+) - take role of generalized other
Role-taking: to acquire sense of self, a person must be able to take on the role of “the other” and see themselves from another person’s perspective
Erving Goffman - dramaturgy / impression management
Agents of socialization - social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations where socialization occurs.
Family, schools, peers, the media
Hidden curriculum - discipline, hard work, competition, neatness, punctuality that teach behaviors deemed important later in life
Folkway: loosely enforced norm that involves common customs, practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction
More: norm that carries moral significance, closely related to core values of a group
Taboo: norm deeply engrained that thinking about violating that for most people it evokes disgust
Sanctions: positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms; establishes social control
Multiculturalism values diverse racial, ethic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and this encourages the retention of cultural differences within society rather than assimilation
Dominant culture - values, norms that are most powerful in terms of wealth, prestige, and status
Subcultures- differentiates by distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle
Counterculture - group that rejects and oppose society’s values (some are communitarian utopians)
Society - group of interacting people who create, share, and pass on culture
Cultural universals: things all cultures have in common
Cultural particulars: specific practices for different cultures
Cultural diffusion - process by which an object, idea, or way of behaving is adopted into a society
Adoptive culture - easily borrowing from other cultures
Global interdependence - human interaction and society problems transcend national borders
Globalization - ever-increasing flow of goods, services, money, and people
Culture shock - mental and physical strain experienced when one adjusts to the new ways of a new culture
Reentry shock - return home from living in another culture
Cultural diversity - variety that exists in a culture
Emotion work - process of evoking, suppressing, or managing feelings to create a public display of emotion
Internalization - process though which we make our society’s norms, values, and beliefs as our own.
Nature: Human genetic makeup or biologically inherited traits
Nurture: Social environment or interactions that make up a person’s life
Social Isolation - research has shown how neglect and lack of social contact (nurture) can delay the development of human potential (nature)
Piaget
Sensorimotor stage (0-2) explore world with their senses, understanding self as separate
Preoperational stage: (2-7) Children assign human traits to inanimate objects. Can’t imagine from a different POV.
Concrete Operational stage (7-11) Take on role of other, cannot think abstractly without something concrete. begin to think deductively and inductively
Formal Operational stage: Learn to think abstractly, see world in shades of grey instead of black and white
Erikson’s 8 stages:
Stage 1: Infancy (trust vs mistrust)
Stage 2: Toddler (Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt)
Stage 3: Preschool (Initiative vs Guilt)
Stage 4: Ages 6-12 (Industry vs Inferiority)
Stage 5: Adolescence (Identity vs Role Confusion)
Stage 6: Young adulthood (Intimacy vs Self-Absorption)
Stage 7: Middle Age (Generativity vs Stagnation)
Stage 8: Old age (Integrity vs Despair and Disgust)
Life event model focuses on less significant social transitions
Resocialization: process of breaking away from outdated or inappropriate behaviors or ways of thinking and replacing them with new ones
Voluntary resocialization: occurs when people choose to participate in a process that remakes them
Imposed resocialization occurs when people are forced into a program that trains, rehabilitates or corrects something about them
Total institutions: settings where people are isolated from the rest of society to undergo systematic resocialization
Power
Coercive power
Influential Power
Authority
Traditional Authority
Charismatic Authority
Legal-Rational
Instrumental leadership
expressive leadership
bureaucracy
rationalization
mcdonaldization