Organic Molecules

  • 1 of the 4 categories of organic molecules

  • Some are used for energy

  • Ratio: 6:12:6 reduced to 1:2:1

  • -OSE = Sugar

  • Glucose is produced as a result of photosynthesis.

  • Broken down during cellular respiration to create ATP

  • Some are used for structure

  • The cell wall of plants is made from cellulose.

  • The exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans comes from CHITIN

  • C1: H2: O1 ratio for carbohydrates

   - Ex: Glucose = C6 H12 O6

   - Ex: Fructose = C6 H12 O6

-  Monomer: Monosaccharides

Mono = One

Saccharide = Sugar

Poly = Many


Monomers

Polymers

Simple organic building blocks

Complex organic molecules


Monomers

Polymers

Amino acids

Protein

Nucleotides

Nucleic acid

Fatty acids, Glycerol

Lipid

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

  

  • Monomer: Monosaccharides

  • Simple Sugars

  • Bond to form complex sugars


  • Polymer: Polysacharde 

  • Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides

  • Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted and stored

  • Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in the liver and muscles

  • Ex: Cellulose: used in plants to make cell walls


  1. Name the 4 categories of organic molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids.

  2. Which 3 elements are common to carbohydrates?

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose.

  1. In which ratio are these 3 elements found?

1:1


  1. What are carbohydrate monomers called?

Monosaccharides

  1. What are carbohydrate polymers called?

Polysaccharide

  1. How do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis differ?

Hydrolysis reactions use water to breakdown polymers into monomers and is the opposite of dehydration synthesis

  1. Which polymer is stored for energy by animals?

Glycogen

  1. Which polymer is stored for energy by plants?

Starch

  1. Which polymer creates the outer boundary of plant cells?

Cellulose





Mono = One

Saccharide = Sugar

Poly = Many

Lipid Structure

  • Fats, Oils, Waxes

  • Provide energy for the cell, cell structure, insulation

  • Lipids and proteins compose the cell membrane 

  • Cholesterol: gives cell membrane flexibility

Structure (2 parts):

  • “Head”= glycerol

  • “Talis”= fatty acids

Monomer: Fatty Acid


Saturated Fatty acid

  • A long chain of C-C single bonds

  • Each C is “saturated” with an H atom

  • A long chain of C bonds (some double bonds)

  • It causes the chain to be crooked

  • Unsaturated: Less space for H atoms

  • Liquid at room temperature

  • Plant oils


  1. What are the two parts of a lipid called? Glycerol and Fatty Acids

  2. Which part is the “head”? Which part are the “tails”? The Head is Glycerol and Talis is Fatty Acids

  3. How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ? Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen atoms while unsaturated fatty acids aren't.

  4. Which lipid gives cells their flexibility? Cholesterol 

  5. Why are saturated fats less healthy? They are less healthy because they contain more cholesterol clogging your arteries.

Nucleic Acid

  • It contains instructions to build proteins

  • 2 types: 

  • DNA (Double strand) 

  • RNA (Single strand)

  • It is composed of smaller units called nucleotides

  • Monomer:

  • Nucleotide: 

  • Polymer: Nucleic acid


  •  What’s a nucleotide?

  Monomer of Nucleic Acids

  • 3 parts:

  • Sugar molecule

  • Phosphate group

  • 1 of 4 Nitrogen bases

(A, T, C, or G)

  •  Nucleotides combine to make nucleic acids

  1. How many nucleotides are pictured? Six

  2. What is this long chain of nucleotides called? Nucleic acids

  3. Name the blue-shaped pentagon molecule. Sugar

  4. What are these individual monomers called? Nucleotides

  5. What will these instructions be used to create? Protein



Deoxyribonucleic Acid is DNA


De(Without)-oxy(Oxygen)- ribose(Sugar)

  • Double Helix: 2 chains of nucleotides

  • Hydrogen bond connects the two nucleotides

  • Cylosine --- Triple bonds 

  • Chargaff’s Rules:

  • A pairs with T

  • C pairs with G

  • Gene: section of DNA that codes for the protein

  • A and T have 2 hydrogen bonds, and C and G have 3




Ribonucleic Acid

  • DNA has Tyrone

  • RNA has Uricel

  • Single chain of nucleotides

  • Nitrogen bases: Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

  • Function: Deliver instructions from DNA to ribosomes

  • DNA has the instructions to build proteins

  • RNA Physically builds the protein



Monomer

Polymer

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Polysaccharide

Proteins

Amino acids

Protein (polypeptide)

Lipids

Fatty acids, Glycerol

Lipid

Nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Nucleic acid





  1. Vocabulary: Monomer, Polymer, Nucleotide, Double Helix, Nitrogen Base

  2. Name the monomer of nucleic acids. Nucleotides

  3. How are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? RNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid


  1. Name the three parts of a nucleotide Sugar molecule, Phosphate group, 1 of 4 Nitrogen bases

  2. What does the phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with? The sugar molecule

  3. If the DNA nitrogen bases were TACCGGAT, how would the attached DNA strand read? T bonds with A, C with G, and A with T

  4. How are DNA and RNA different? Same? DNA gives the instructions to build the protein, and then RNA builds the protein.

Protein Basics

  • Photosynthesis: Process of making glucose

  • Used in a variety of cellular functions

  • The mitochondria do Cellular respiration which is the process of making ATP

  • DNA replication: Process of making DNA

  • Monomer: Amino Acid

  • 20 different types of amino acids such as leucine, valine, glycine, and alanine

  • Polymer: Polypeptide

  • Proteins formed from a collection of polypeptide

  • The exact arrangement of amino acids determines the protein


Amino Acid Structure

  • 5 basic parts

  • Central C atom

  • Amino group (NH2)

  • H

  • Carboxyl group

  • R group

  • Only 20 amino acids

  • Each has a different R-group

  • Amino acid: Alaine 

  • Amino acid: Valine

  • Amino acid: Serine

  • Amino acid: glycine

  • They all have the same amino group

  • They all have a carboxy group

  • Their R group differs