Foundations of Occupation: Kinesiology in Daily Life

Foundations of Occupation: Kinesiology in Daily Life

Course Information

  • Institution: USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy

  • Course Title: OT 510

  • Week: 1

  • Course Expectation:

    • Come prepared for class, ready to learn as per one's individual style.

    • Complete Knowledge Check Quiz from the previous week before attending class.

    • Engage in labs and collaborate with classmates to work through applications.

    • Ask questions if uncertain or curious about topics discussed.

Lecture 1 Objectives

  • Focus: Course Introduction and Terminology Related to Body Motions, Joint Classifications, and Overview of Biomechanics (COG)

    • At the end of the lecture and lab, students will be able to:

    • List cardinal planes and axes in the human body.

    • Demonstrate and identify joint motions accurately using appropriate terminology.

    • Describe the specific plane in which a joint motion occurs and indicate the corresponding axis.

    • Classify joints based on the classification system presented in the lecture that relates to structure and function, and explain how joint structure affects movement capacity.

Kinesiology in Occupational Therapy

  • Definition: Kinesiology is the scientific study of motion, involving active and passive forces.

  • Three Main Components:

    1. Neuromuscular Physiology

    2. Musculoskeletal Anatomy

    3. Biomechanics/Physics

  • Kinesiology serves as a foundational element for occupational analysis, which includes:

    • Activity Analysis

    • Concepts relating to human movement such as:

    • Planes and Axes

    • Body Motions

    • Joint Classification and Structure

Application Context

  • Contextual Nature: The application of kinesiology to human occupation is contextual and varies based on circumstances.

    • Occupational therapists leverage basic kinesiology principles to analyze activities within the scope of occupations.

    • Pure memorization of muscles and their functions is deemed inadequate; understanding the context is critical for effective solutions.

Occupation Framework

  • Factors Involving Occupation: Includes habits, routines, roles, and various factors like cultural, personal, societal, temporal, and virtual factors in the analysis of occupations within a kinesiology framework.

Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF)

  • Overview: The OTPF describes the domain of occupational therapy and identifies steps in the therapy process and actions involved:

    • Domain: Areas of concern addressed by occupational therapy practitioners.

    • Process: Steps in the occupational therapy process, including:

    • Evaluation

    • Intervention

    • Targeting Outcomes

  • Core Components from OTPF:

    • Occupations:

    • Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

    • Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

    • Rest and Sleep

    • Education

    • Work

    • Play

    • Leisure

    • Social Participation

    • Client Factors: Motor skills, process skills, values, beliefs, spirituality, roles, and social participation.

    • Performance Patterns: Habits, routines, and rituals.

    • Contexts and Environments: Physical, social, temporal, and virtual aspects.

Biomechanical Frame of Reference

  • Focus Areas:

    • Range of Motion

    • Strength

    • Endurance

  • Movement Motivation: Understanding movement is driven by a combination of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral states, including motor planning, affect, and cognition.

Concepts Relating to Human Movement

  • Key concepts include:

    • Anatomical Position

    • Body Motions

    • Planes and Axes

    • Joint Structure and Classification

Anatomical Position and Movement Terminology

  • Anatomical Terms:

    • Inferior: Below another structure

    • Superior: Above another structure

    • Medial: Toward the midline

    • Lateral: Away from the midline

    • Proximal: Closer to the trunk

    • Distal: Further from the trunk

Types of Movements from Anatomical Position

  • Flexion: Decreasing the angle between body parts.

  • Extension: Increasing the angle.

  • Lateral Flexion (Right and Left): Sideways bending of the torso.

  • Rotation (Right and Left): Twisting movement around an axis.

  • Abduction: Movement away from the midline.

  • Adduction: Movement towards the midline.

  • Horizontal Abduction/Adduction: Movement relative to the horizontal plane.

  • Internal Rotation: Rotation towards the center of the body.

  • External Rotation: Rotation away from the center of the body.

  • Pronation: Rotation of the palm down.

  • Supination: Rotation of the palm up.

  • Dorsiflexion: Movement at the ankle joint bringing the foot upwards.

  • Plantar Flexion: Movement at the ankle joint pointing the foot downwards.

  • Ulnar Deviation: Movement of the wrist towards the ulnar side.

  • Radial Deviation: Movement of the wrist towards the radial side.

Planes of Movement

  • Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left portions.

  • Frontal Plane: Divides the body into front and back portions.

  • Horizontal (Transverse) Plane: Divides the body into upper and lower sections.

Axes of Movement

  • Axes:

    • XAxis: Flexion/Extension movements in the Sagittal Plane.

    • YAxis: Supination/Pronation and cervical rotation in the Horizontal Plane.

    • ZAxis: Abduction/Adduction and lateral flexion in the Frontal Plane.

Joint Classifications

  • Joint Structure: A joint is defined as the location where two or more bones are joined together by soft tissue. The movement available at a joint depends on its structural characteristics.

  • Types:

    • Non-Synovial Joints:

    • Connective tissue directly unites the bones without a joint cavity.

    • Types: Fibrous (e.g., synarthrosis, syndesmosis, gomphosis) and Cartilaginous (e.g., pubic symphysis, sternocostal joint).

    • Synovial Joints:

    • Bones are not directly connected but are enclosed by a joint capsule that allows free movement.

    • Key Characteristics: Hyaline cartilage, joint cavity, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and joint capsule.

    • Accessory Structures: Disks, menisci, labrums, ligaments, and tendons.

Degrees of Freedom in Synovial Joints

  • Uniaxial (One Degree of Freedom):

    • Hinge Joint: Allows flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee).

    • Pivot Joint: Allows rotation around a single axis (e.g., atlantoaxial joint).

  • Biaxial (Two Degrees of Freedom):

    • Condyloid Joint: Oval-shaped surfaces permitting movement (e.g., wrist joint).

    • Saddle Joint: Both surfaces are convex/concave (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb).

  • Multiaxial (Multiple Degrees of Freedom):

    • Ball and Socket Joint: Allows movement in several directions (e.g., hip and shoulder joints).

    • Plane Joint: Irregular surfaces allowing gliding movements (e.g., intercarpal joints).