IP Addresses

Mac Address - A MAC address is embedded on every NIC on the globe and is assumed to be unique to that NIC.

MAC addresses are used by switches for communication inside a local network

IP Address - assigned to nearly every interface, which is a network connection made by a node on a network.

IP addresses identify nodes at the network layer.

Port - a number used by the transport layer to find an application.

Classful addressing - method of assigning IP addresses where the first few bits of an address determine which network class it belongs to (like Class A, B, or C)

public IP addresses - An IP address that is valid for use on public networks, such as the Internet.

private IP addresses - IP addresses that can be used on a private network but not on the Internet.

Private IP addresses are not routable on the Internet. In other words, routers will not forward messages addressed to an IP address within one of these private ranges.

subnetting - The process of segmenting a network into smaller networks that requires calculations of IP address ranges within a larger IP address range.

CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing) notation - A shorthand method for identifying network and host bits in an IP address.

static IP addresses are manually assigned by the network administrator

dynamic IP addresses are automatically assigned by a DHCP server each time a computer connects to the network.

NAT (Network Address Translation) - A technique in which IP addresses used on a private network are assigned a public IP address by a gateway when accessing a public network.

Source Network Address Translation (source-nat or SNAT) - allows traffic from a private network to go out to the internet.

DNAT or Destination NAT - for traffic coming from an external Public or other network to a private networks destination, performing an IP address translation.

link - any LAN bounded by routers.

Neighbors - Two or more nodes on the same link.

dual stacked - A type of network that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic.

tunneling - process of encapsulating one type of protocol in another.

Three types of IPV6 addresses - global addresses, link local addresses, loopback addresses

Unicast address - Specifies a single node on a network

Global address - An IPv6 address that can be routed on the Internet.

Link local address - An IP address that is automatically assigned by an operating system to allow a node to communicate over its local subnet if a routable IP address is not available.

Loopback address - can be used to test that an interface and supporting protocol stack are functioning properly.

Multicast address -Delivers packets to all nodes in a targeted, multicast group

Anycast address -Identifies multiple destinations, with packets delivered to the closest destination.

with IPv4 broadcasting, messages are sent to every node on a network.

IPv6 reduces network traffic by eliminating broadcasting.

multicasting can cause traffic congestion problems called multicast flooding

SLAAC (stateless address autoconfiguration) - The process by which an IPv6 client collects the basic information required to configure its own IPv6 address on a network.