Veterinary Medical Terms and Terminology

Word Structure

Medical Terminology

·      Is based on the following:

-      Greek and Latin origins

-      eponyms (i.e., words formed from a person’s name)

-      modern language terms

·      Clinic Corner: Bang’s disease now known as Brucellosis, is named after

·      Danish veterinarian Bernhard Lauritz Frederik Bang when he discovered the disease in 1897.

 

Medical Vocabulary

·      Is primarily based on Greek and Latin

-      Latin is the universal language of medicine

-      Greeks were the founders of modern medicine

 

Word Structure

·      Is important for veterinarians to comprehend in order to understand and learn medical terminology

·      Includes:

-      root words

-      prefixes

-      suffixes

-      compound words

-      combining forms

 

Root Words

·      Are the foundation of most medical terms

·      Gives a word meaning

·      May contain one or more roots

·      Clinic Corner: The letter “o” is often used as a combining vowel at the end of most words allowing the term to be pronounced more easily

 

Common Root Words

·      Examples include:

-      cardi/o – heart

-      cephalo/o – head

-      dent/o – teeth

-      ophthalm/o – eye

-      steth/o – chest

-      nas/o – nose

-      ot/o – ear

-      derm/o, dermato/o - skin

 

Prefixes (Part 1)

·      Come before the root word

·      Modify the meaning of the root word

·      Often qualify the following:

-      number

-      measurement

-      position or direction

-      negatives

-      color

·      Clinic Corner: Prefixes are not complete words without the rest of the word parts.

 

Prefixes (Part 2)

·      As number qualifiers include:

-      uni (one)

-      bi (two)

-      tri (three)

-      quandra (four)

-      quinta (five)

-      sexta (six)

-      hepta (seven)

-      octo (eight)

-      nona (nine)

-      deca (ten)

 

Prefixes (Part 3)

·      As position or direction qualifiers include:

-      sub (under)

-      peri (around)

-      supra (above)

·      for example:

-      supracostal

·      As negative qualifiers include:

-      an (without)

-      anti (against)

·      for example:

-      antioxidant

 

Prefixes (Part 4)

·      As color qualifiers include:

-      cyan/o (blue)

-      jaund/o (yellow)

-      erythr/o (red)

·      for example:

-      erythrocyte

·      Often have opposites which can be beneficial to learn common prefixes include:

-      pre (before)

-      post (after)

-      hypo (low, below normal)

-      hyper (high, above normal)

 

Suffixes

·      Come after the root word or words

·      Modify the meaning of the root word

·      Can be grouped together by meaning, which include:

-      pertaining to

-      surgical

-      procedural

-      double R

-      conditional and structural

·      Clinic Corner: The suffix used will determine the speech classification of the word. (e.g., anemia (noun); anemic (adjective))

 

Common “Pertaining to” Suffixes

·      Examples include:

-      ic

-      al

-      ine

-      ary

-      an

-      ar

-      ous

-      tic

-      eal

-      ac

·      for example:

-      cardiac

 

Common Surgical Suffixes

·      Include:

-      ectomy- removal of

-      tomy – cutting, incision

-      plasty – surgical repair

-      centesis – surgical puncture to remove fluid or gas

-      pexy – suture to stabilize

-      scope – instrument or exam

·      for example:

-      endoscope

 

Common Procedural Suffixes

·      Include:

-      gram– record of

-      graphy – procedure which records

-      scopy – procedure to visually examine

-      logy – study of

-      therapy – treatment

·      for example:

-      hydrotherapy

 

Common Double R Suffixes

·      Include:

-      rrhagia or rrhage – bursting forth

·      for example:

-      hemorrhage – bursting forth of blood from the vessels

-      rrhaphy – to suture

·      for example:

-      enterorrhaphy – suturing of the intestine

-      rrhexis – rupture

·      for example:

-      myorrhexis – rupture of the muscle

 

Common Conditional & Structural Suffixes (Part 1)

·      Include:

-      rhexis– rupture

-      itis – inflammation

-      osis – abnormal condition

-      pathy – disease

-      algia or dynia– pain

·      for example:

-      myalgia

-      um – structure

-      al (as in renal) – pertaining to kidney

-      ic (as in enteric) – pertaining to the intestines

-      an (as in ovary) – pertaining to the heart

 

Common Conditional & Structural Suffixes (Part 2)

-      ac (as in cardiac) – pertaining to the heart

·      for example:

-      cardiac

 

Compound Words

·      Have two or more roots

-      roots may or may not be joined by a combining vowel

·      for example:

-      backache (back-ache)

-      smallpox (small-pox)

 

Combining Forms

·      Is an incomplete word containing a root word, prefix or suffix with a combining vowel

·      Help connect the parts of the word together

-      for example:

·      electrocardiogram

 

Greek & Latin Prefix Examples

Hematology= hemat- 

The orgin of   

Greek & Latin Suffix/Root Examples (Part 1)

 

Greek & Latin Suffix/Root Examples (Part 2)

 

Anatomical Terms

Anatomical Terms

·      Describe the locations of structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body

·      Are used in veterinary medicine in the following ways:

-      directional terminology

-      positional terminology

-      anatomical planes terminology

-      muscle and joint actions terminology

 

Directional Terminology (Part 1)

·      Include the following:

-      distal - away from the body

-      proximal - near the center of the body

-      caudal - near the tail

-      cranial - relating to the skull

-      ventral - relating to the underside of the animal

-      rostral - situated near the nose and mouth

-      plantar - relating to the sole of the foot

 

Directional Terminology (Part 2)


This image shows a side view of a brown dog standing and facing to the left. Overlaid on the dog’s body are directional anatomical terms used in veterinary medicine, each with arrows indicating direction. Starting from the head: "Rostral" points toward the nose, and "Caudal" toward the back of the head. Along the body, "Cranial" points toward the head and "Caudal" toward the tail. "Dorsal" runs along the back (top side), and "Ventral" along the underside (belly). On the front leg, "Proximal" points upward toward the body, "Distal" downward toward the paw, "Cranial" points forward, and "Caudal" backward. The lower front leg also shows "Palmar" pointing toward the underside of the paw and "Dorsal" upward. The hind leg similarly shows "Plantar" pointing down to the underside of the back paw and "Dorsal" pointing up. This image helps clarify how directional terms are applied to animal anatomy.

 

Positional Terminology

·      Includes the following:

-      recumbent - lying down

-      dorsal recumbency - lying on the back

-      ventral or sternal recumbency - lying on the belly

-      left lateral recumbency - lying on the left side

-      right lateral recumbency - lying on the right side

 

Anatomical Planes Terminology

·      Is also important when describing locations of wounds or producing radiographs

·      Divides the animal into four planes

·      Include the following:

-      median plane

-      sagittal planes

-      dorsal plane

-      transverse plane

 

Median Plane

·      Divides the body into equal right and left halves


Image of a small Chihuahua standing and facing directly forward with a vertical black dashed line running from the top of the image to the bottom, perfectly dividing the dog into symmetrical left and right halves. Above the line is a label "MEDIAN PLANE."

 

Sagittal Planes

·      Are any planes to the right or left, which lie parallel to the median plane


The image shows a pug dog standing in a side profile, facing left. A large green transparent vertical plane runs directly down the center of the dog's body from head to tail, labeled "MEDIAN PLANE." A second pink transparent vertical plane is shown beside it, slightly off-center but parallel, through the right side of the dog's body. This plane is labeled "SAGITTAL PLANE." The image visually illustrates the difference between the median plane, which divides the bod into equal left and right halves, and sagittal planes, which are any vertical planes parallel to the median plane but do no necessarily divide the body equally

 

Dorsal Plane

·      Divides the animal into _____________ and ventral


Dog standing in profile and facing to the right. A blue, semi-transparent horizontal plane divides the dog's body from top and bottom, just above the belly line. This plane is labeled "DORSAL PLANE." the upper portion of the dog, including the head, back, and tail, is labeled "DORSAL," while the lower portion, including the chest, abdomen, and legs, is labeled "VENTRAL." The image visually demonstrates the concept of a dorsal plane, which divides the animal horizontally into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) sections

 

Transverse Plane


The image contains three separate views of a dog to demonstrate the transverse plane in animal anatomy. In the top left, a side view a standing dog shows a blue, semi-transparent vertical plane dividing the body into front and back parts. This is labeled "TRANSVERSE PLANE." The area behind the plane is labeled "CAUDUAL," referring to the rear part of the body. In the top right, a top-down view of a dog with a light blue line across the middle of its back, labeled "TRANSVERSE PLANE," again dividing the body into front and rear sections. The terms "LEFT" and "RIGHT" label the sides of the body, while "CAUDAL" points to the lower body near the hind legs. At the bottom, a close-up view of a dog's hind leg shows a blue plane diving the limp into top and bottom sections. This is labeled "TRANSVERSE PLANE" and demonstrate how the plan also applies to limbs. The part of the limb closer to the body is labeled "PROXIMAL"

·      Divides the trunk of the animal or the extremities

 

Muscle & Joint Actions Terminology

·      Is used to describe the movements of both muscles and joints

·      Includes:

-      extension

-      flexion

-      abduction

-      adduction

-      supination

-      pronation

 

Extension & Flexion

·      Are defined as the following:

-      extension is when the joint angle increases

-      flexion is when the joint angle decreases


The image shows two side-by-side photos of dog walking, illustrating the concepts of extension and flexion. On the left, labeled "EXTENSION" the dog's front leg is stretched forward with the elbow joint extended. A green circle highlights the extended leg, where the angle at the joint is increased, showing a straightened position. On the right, labeled "FLEXION," the same dog is shown with its front leg pulled back underneath its body. The green circle highlights the flexed leg, where the angle at the elbow joint is decreased, showing the leg bent. This image visually represents extension as the straightening of a joint and flexion as the bending of a joint.

 

Abduction & Adduction

·      Are defined as the following:

-      abduction is when the joint moves away from the body

-      adduction is when the joint moves towards the body


The image shows two side-by-side photos of dog lying on its side to demonstrate the anatomical movements of adduction and abduction. On the left, labeled "ADDUCTION," the puppy's left hind leg is positioned close to the midline of its body. A green circle highlights the hip area, showing the limb moving inward. This illustrates adduction, where the joint moves towards the body. On the right, labeled "ABDUCTION," the same puppy's hind leg is lifted away from the body. The green circle highlights the extended position of the leg, demonstrating abduction, where the joint moves away from the midline.

 

Supination & Pronation

•       Are defined as the following:

-      supination is when the palm faces upward

-      pronation is when the palms face downward


The image displays two dog paws to illustrate the difference between supination and pronation. On the left, labeled "SUPINATION," the underside of a dog's paw is shown, with the pads and toes fully visible. This represents the palm facing upward. On the right, labeled "PRONATION," to top side of a dog's paw is shown, displaying fur and claws. This represents the palm facing downward. The image visually demonstrates the anatomical concepts of supination (palm up) and pronation (palm down) using the position of a dog's paw

 

Veterinary & Human Terms

·      Are common in most directional terms and have the same meaning, however there are a few differences in directions and planes due to anatomy

·      Differences include the following:


The image is a comparison table with two columns: one for human anatomical terms and one for their corresponding veterinary anatomical terms. The left column is titled "Human Term" The right column is titled "Veterinary Term" The rows of the table list the equivalent terms as follows: 1. Superior (Human Term) - Cranial (Veterinary Term) 2. Inferior (Human Term) - Caudal (Veterinary Term) 3. Anterior (Human Term) - Ventral (Veterinary Term) 4. Posterior (Human Term) - Dorsal (Veterinary Term) This table visually illustrates how directional terms used in human anatomy translate to those used in veterinary anatomy.

 

Body Systems Terms

Body Systems

·      Are complex structures made up of millions  of cells

·      Each work together to carry out a special job

·      Are highly affected by pathogens which disrupt normal cell functions which sometimes results in the death of cells and tissues

·      Include:

-      circulatory

-      respiratory

-      digestive

-      endocrine

-      immune

-      integumentary

-      nervous

-      skeletal

-      reproductive

 

Circulatory System (Part 1)

·      Is designed to pump and deliver blood to the body’s tissue

·      Is made up of the heart, arteries, veins and blood

·      Common conditions or diseases include:

-      heartworm

-      heart disease

-      hypertension

 

Circulatory System (Part 2)


The image is a labeled diagram of a dog's circulatory system, showing the major veins and arteries in blue and red. The outline of a standing dog is shown in profile facing left, and the circulatory structures are overlaid within the body. Jugular Vein – A blue vein running along the side of the neck. Carotid Artery – A red artery also running along the neck, parallel to the jugular vein. Cranial Vena Cava – A major blue vein that returns blood to the heart from the upper body, located just above the heart. Aorta – A large red artery running along the spine, carrying blood from the heart to the body. Heart – Positioned in the center of the chest, where red and blue vessels meet and branch. Brachial Artery – A red artery running down the front leg. Cephalic Vein – A blue vein running along the front of the leg, near the brachial artery. _____________ – A network of blue veins around the digestive organs, beneath the aorta and above the spleen. Spleen – Labeled below the aorta, behind the ribcage. _____________ – A large blue vein running along the spine toward the tail, returning blood from the lower body to the heart. Femoral Artery – A red artery running through the hind leg. Saphenous Vein – A blue vein traveling down the outer side of the hind leg. The red vessels represent arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while the blue vessels represent veins that return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The diagram provides a visual overview of the canine circulatory system and its major components.

 

Heartworm

·      Is a parasitic worm transmitted by mosquitoes which lives in the heart and arteries of an infected animal

·      Is an often serious and fatal disease

·      Harms arteries and vital organs

 

Heart Disease

·      Is any condition of the heart or blood vessels which inhibits the normal function of the heart and delivery of blood to the body

·      Is often heritable in animals and can be acquired over time

 

Hypertension

·      Is a condition which elevates the animal’s normal blood pressure

·      Is usually caused by an underlying disease

·      Clinic Corner: Blood pressure is the force which is generated within the body’s blood vessels by the beating of an animal’s heart.

 

Respiratory System (Part 1)

·      Provides the body with the exchange of oxygen and dioxide

·      Is made up of the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi and lungs

·      Common conditions or diseases include:

-      canine distemper

-      equine influenza

-      bovine respiratory disease

 

Respiratory System (Part 2)


The image is a transparent anatomical diagram of a standing dog shown in profile, facing left, with key parts of the respiratory system highlighted and labeled. Nasal and Sinus Cavity – Located in the dog’s snout and head area. This region is shaded in orange-yellow and is the entry point for inhaled air. Larynx – Positioned in the throat, below the nasal cavity and behind the mouth. It is labeled just above the trachea and marks the start of the airway. _____________ – A vertical tube extending down from the larynx into the chest, shown as a segmented pipe running toward the lungs. _____________ – Two large, dark red organs located in the ribcage area. These are the main organs for gas exchange, filling most of the chest cavity. Diaphragm – A curved, dark red muscular structure that forms the floor of the chest cavity, located just below the lungs. It separates the chest from the abdominal cavity and aids in breathing. The diagram uses a semi-transparent blue overlay to show the dog’s body and skeleton, allowing clear visibility of the respiratory structures. This image provides a visual representation of the canine respiratory system and its key anatomical components.

 

Distemper

·      Is a virus which is passed to animals through direct contact with fresh urine, blood or saliva

·      Causes the following:

-      sneezing

-      coughing

-      nasal and eye discharge

-      fever

-      lethargyrespira

-      vomiting

-      diarrhea

-      depression

 

Equine Influenza

·      Is one of the most common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract in horses

·      Damages the lining and mucous lining of the respiratory tract

·      Causes the following:

-      coughing

-      nasal discharge

-      fever

-      depression

-      loss of appetite

·      Clinic Corner: Equine Influenza is commonly seen in young horses around two to three years of age.

 

Bovine Respiratory Disease

·      Is the most common disease affecting the North American beef cattle industry

·      Causes the following:

-      rapid, shallow breathing

-      coughing

-      salivation

-      nasal and eye discharge

-      fever

-      depression

-      loss of appetite

 

Digestive System

·      Breaks down food into simple substances which can be absorbed by the body

·      Absorbs digested food into the blood stream

·      Includes four basic types of systems:

-      monogastric (simple)

-      ruminant (polygastric)

-      hindgut-fermenter

-      avian

 

Monogastric Digestive System (Part 1)

·      Contains a single-chambered stomach

·      Stomach is very muscular and stores ingested food and moves it into the small intestine

·      Is found in humans, swine, dogs and cats

 

Monogastric Digestive System (Part 2)


This is a side-view diagram of a pig showing its internal digestive system, with each major organ labeled. The pig is facing left. In clockwise order: The salivary glands are shown in blue near the mouth, where digestion begins by moistening food. The liver is a large reddish organ near the upper middle of the pig’s body, responsible for producing bile. Nestled beneath the liver is the gall bladder, a small green sac that stores bile. Just behind the liver is the stomach, shaded in pale green, where food is broken down further. The large intestine appears as a thicker green tube extending toward the pig’s rear, absorbing water from digested food. The rectum is a straight section leading to the anus, where waste exits the body. The cecum, a small pouch at the junction of the large and small intestines, is located near the back leg. The small intestine is a winding, narrow light green tube responsible for nutrient absorption. The pancreas is shown as a pink gland near the loop of the small intestine and contributes digestive enzymes. The duodenum, the first portion of the small intestine, curves downward from the stomach and connects to the rest of the small intestine. Finally, the esophagus is a green tube running from the mouth down the neck into the stomach, delivering swallowed food. This layout visually represents the pig’s digestive process from food intake to waste elimination.

 

Ruminant Digestive System

  • Is also known as polygastric

  • Contains one large stomach which is diveded into four compartments:

  • 1- Rumen

  • 2-Reticulum

  • 3-Omasum

  • 4-abomasum

  • It is found in cattle,sheep and goats

The image is a labeled anatomical diagram of a cow’s ruminant digestive system, shown in profile facing right with its head lowered and grazing on grass. The outer body of the cow is semi-transparent, allowing the internal digestive organs to be visible and labeled. The digestive tract is illustrated with arrows to show the flow of food through the system. Labeled parts from head to rear: Esophagus – A long tube marked with red and blue arrows that carries food from the mouth to the stomach compartments. Reticulum – A small honeycomb-like chamber located just below the esophagus entry point. It is the second compartment of the stomach. Rumen– A large, rounded sac taking up most of the left side of the cow’s abdomen. It’s the first and largest compartment, where fermentation occurs. Omasum – A smaller, round organ located to the right of the rumen. It acts as a filter, absorbing water and nutrients. _____________ – A long, smooth compartment located just before the intestines. This is the true stomach where digestion with acids and enzymes occurs. _____________ – A coiled, pink structure following the abomasum, representing the small and large intestines where further digestion and absorption occur. The arrows throughout the image help illustrate the path food takes from ingestion to digestion, representing the complex system unique to ruminant animals.

 

Hindgut-Fermenter Digestive System (Part 1)

·      Is found in animals who eat large amounts of roughage

·      Is similar to ruminants, however does not have stomachs with several compartments

·      Is found in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters

 

Hindgut-Fermenter Digestive System (Part 2)      


The image is a detailed anatomical diagram of a horse's digestive system, showcasing the pathway of food from ingestion to excretion. The horse is shown in a side profile facing left, with the head and upper neck rendered in a translucent blue overlay. The internal digestive organs are drawn in orange, with each section clearly labeled. Labeled parts and descriptions from start to end of the digestive tract: Esophagus – A tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach, running along the horse’s neck. Esophageal Sphincter – A valve-like structure at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach that controls the passage of food into the stomach. Stomach – The initial organ for digestion where food begins breaking down with gastric juices. Gastric Sphincter – A muscular ring that regulates the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine. Small Intestine Sections: _____________ – The first part of the small intestine, just after the stomach, where digestive enzymes are added. Jejunum – The middle section of the small intestine, responsible for nutrient absorption. Ileum – The final section of the small intestine, which connects to the cecum. Large Intestine Sections: Cecum – A large, pouch-like section of the large intestine where fermentation of plant material begins. Colon – A long, winding section where fermentation continues and water is absorbed. _____________ – The final straight portion of the large intestine, where waste is stored before leaving the body. Anus – The exit point for waste from the digestive tract. The diagram is color-coded and structured to clearly show the progression through the horse’s digestive system, with specific focus on its role as a hindgut fermenter, where fermentation occurs primarily in the large intestine.

 

Avian Digestive System (Part 1)

·      Differs highly from the previous digestive systems because bird have no teeth

·      Is made up of the esophagus which empties directly into the crop, where the food is stored and then the gizzard grinds with stones or grit

·      Is a very fast process

 

Avian Digestive System (Part 2)


The image is a labeled anatomical diagram of a chicken, shown in profile facing left, with a detailed illustration of the avian digestive system. The outer body of the chicken is semi-transparent to reveal internal organs involved in digestion. Key digestive components are labeled for educational purposes. Labeled parts and descriptions from head to tail: Crop – Located at the base of the neck, just above the chest, the crop is an enlarged part of the esophagus used to store food temporarily before digestion. _____________ – Positioned in the midsection, the stomach is part of the two-chambered digestive system in birds. It includes the proventriculus, where digestive enzymes begin breaking down food. Gizzard – Located just below and behind the stomach, the gizzard is a thick, muscular organ that grinds food, often with the aid of ingested grit. _____________ – Found at the rear of the bird, the vent is the external opening through which digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts empty. The illustration also includes various loops and coils of the intestines and other internal organs to depict the complexity of the digestive system. The image is color-coded and stylized for clarity, offering a clear visual guide to how food travels and is processed through a chicken's body.

 

Digestive System

·      Common conditions or diseases include:

-      colitis

-      colic

-      gastroenteritis

 

Colitis

·      Is an acute or chronic inflammation of the membrane lining the colon

·      Is most commonly caused by parasites, tumors, a change in food, allergies or swallowing of foreign objects

 

Colic

·      Is defined as abdominal pain and causes problems to the digestive system

·      Is the number one cause of death in horses

·      Is caused by different types of conditions, such as gas or impaction

 

Gastroenteritis

·      Is the infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines

·      Causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and cramping abdominal pain

 

Endocrine System (Part 1)

·      Produces hormones which regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue and sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood

·      Is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testicles

 

Endocrine System (Part 2)


The image is a labeled anatomical diagram of a dog, shown in profile facing left, with a focus on the **endocrine system**. The outer body of the dog is semi-transparent blue, revealing skeletal structures and internal organs, while endocrine glands are highlighted in red and green for visibility. Labeled endocrine glands and their locations (from head to tail): Pituitary Gland – Located at the base of the brain inside the skull, this small red gland is a major hormone control center. Parathyroid Glands – Tiny red glands situated near the thyroid, involved in calcium regulation. _____________ – A butterfly-shaped red gland located in the neck region, just below the jaw, responsible for metabolism regulation. Adrenal Glands – Small red structures located just above the kidneys, involved in the stress response and metabolism. _____________ – Shown in green and located in the midsection of the abdomen, the pancreas regulates blood sugar levels. Ovaries (Female) – Marked in red and located near the hips, the ovaries produce female sex hormones and eggs. Testes (Male) – Marked in green and located near the base of the tail, the testes produce male sex hormones and sperm. The diagram provides a clear and color-coded view of the key glands that make up the dog’s endocrine system, highlighting the role of each gland in hormone production and regulation throughout the body.

 

Endocrine System (Part 3)

·      Common conditions or diseases include:

-      hyperfunction or hypofunction

-      hyperthyrodism

-      fatty liver disease

 

Hyperfunction or Hypofunction

·      Is caused by an imbalance in an animal’s hormone levels

-      glands which produce too much hormone are known as “hyper”

-      glands which do not produce enough hormone are known as “hypo”

 

Hyperthyroidism

·      Is caused by a tumor of the thyroid gland which produces excess thyroid hormone

·      Causes abnormal bone development and young animals to grow at an irregular rate

-      most affected animals will not survive through adulthood

 

Fatty Liver Disease

·      Occurs when cattle break down too much fat for the liver to process properly

·      Causes fat which is broken down to convert back to fat in the liver which then becomes toxic to the animal and decreases the cattle’s body condition

 

Immune System

·      Defends the body against infectious organisms and other invaders

·      Attacks organisms and substances which invade an animal’s system and causes diseases

·      Is made up of the lymphatic, spleen, thymus and bone marrow

·      Common condition or disease includes:

-      autoimmune disease

 

Lymphatic System


The image is a labeled anatomical diagram of a dog’s lymphatic system, shown in profile facing to the right. The dog is filled with a network of green lines representing lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes distributed throughout the body. Specific nodes are labeled to illustrate their locations and functions within the lymphatic system, which plays a crucial role in immune response and fluid balance. Labeled lymph nodes and their positions: Facial Node – Located on the side of the face near the eye. Retropharyngeal Node – Positioned behind the pharynx, near the back of the jaw. Submandibular Node – Situated under the jaw, along the throat. Prescapular (Superficial Cervical) Node – Located at the front of the shoulder, near the base of the neck. _____________ – Found in the armpit region, beneath the shoulder. Iliac Node – Deep within the pelvic area, above the hind limbs. _____________ – Located near the inner thigh, where the leg meets the body. Femoral Node – Positioned along the inner thigh, midway down the leg. Popliteal Node – Found behind the knee joint, in the lower hind limb. Submandibular Node – Also labeled again near the front, emphasizing its location under the jaw. Prescapular Node – Labeled again to emphasize its importance in lymphatic drainage from the forelimbs and chest. The image highlights the extensive network of green lymph vessels that connect all the labeled nodes, showing how lymph fluid circulates through the body. This diagram helps visualize the locations of major lymph nodes commonly examined in veterinary practice for swelling, infection, or disease.

 

Autoimmune Disease

  • Occurs when the immune system fails to recognize itself and begins attack and reject the body’s own tissue as a foreign object

·      Causes:

-      soreness

-      itching

-      flaky skin

-      inflamed ears

-      excessive licking

-      swelling

 

Integumentary System (Part 1)

·      Protects the animal’s body from disease by providing a barrier to viruses and bacteria

·      Protects the body from dehydration, overheating or freezing

·      Is the largest organ in the body and includes the following:

-      hair

-      feathers

-      scales

-      nails

-      hooves

-      horns

-      skin

 

Integumentary System (Part 2)

·      Common conditions or diseases include:

-      mange

-      rainrot

-      ringworm

 

Integumentary System (Part 3)


The image is a detailed, labeled cross-sectional diagram of skin, representing the integumentary system. It displays the three primary layers of skin and the structures embedded within them, along with several hair follicles extending above the surface. Labeled skin layers from outermost to innermost: _____________ – The topmost, thin layer of skin depicted as smooth, slightly raised, and pinkish-orange. It serves as the protective outer barrier and contains the openings of hair follicles. _____________ – The middle layer, shown as a thicker band beneath the epidermis. It is filled with structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands (oil-producing), sweat glands, blood vessels (red and blue lines), and sensory nerve endings. This layer supports skin strength, elasticity, and sensation. Hypodermis – The deepest layer, also called the subcutaneous layer. It appears yellow and contains fat cells, thicker blood vessels, and connective tissues. This layer helps cushion the body and insulate heat. This diagram provides a clear and comprehensive visualization of the skin's anatomy, showing the functional layers and their role in protection, regulation, and sensory perception.

 

Mange

·      Is a skin disease which is caused by parasitic mites

·      Causes:

-      severe itching

-      hair loss


 -      scabs and lessions

Rainrot

·      Is a bacterial infection which multiplies in a moist environment

·      Causes scabby crusts which form raised bumps on matted hair

 

Ringworm

·      Is a highly contagious and infectious skin disease caused by fungi

·      Symptoms:

-      grey-white areas of skin

-      raised circular outlines

-      lesions

 

Nervous System (Part 1)

·      Transmits signals to different parts of the animal’s body and operates basic body functions like breathing and digestion

·      Includes:

-      the central nervous system, which is the brain and spinal cord

-      the peripheral nervous system, which is made up of the nerves and ganglia

 

Nervous System (Part 2)


The image is a labeled anatomical diagram of a dog’s nervous system, shown in profile facing right. The dog's outer body is rendered semi-transparent in shades of blue, with nerves and the brain highlighted in bright red to clearly show the neural pathways and structures. Labeled components from head to limbs: Cerebral Hemisphere – The largest part of the brain, located in the skull and highlighted in red. It controls higher brain functions such as thinking, memory, and voluntary movement. Cerebellum – A smaller, rounded red structure located behind and below the cerebral hemisphere, responsible for balance and coordination. Brain Stem – The structure connecting the brain to the spinal cord, labeled at the base of the brain. It controls basic life functions like breathing and heart rate. Spinal Cord – A long red line extending from the brain stem down the spine. It acts as a communication highway between the brain and the rest of the body. Major peripheral nerves extending from the spinal cord: _____________ – Runs down the front leg, providing motor and sensory functions to the forelimb. Median Nerve – Located near the radial nerve in the front leg, also involved in limb movement and sensation. Ulnar Nerve – Found in the front limb, contributing to forelimb function. Femoral Nerve – Located in the upper hind limb, responsible for thigh movement. Sciatic Nerve – A large nerve extending down the back leg, providing sensation and movement to most of the hind limb. _____________ – Branches from the sciatic nerve, running along the lower hind limb. This diagram provides a visual overview of the central and peripheral components of the canine nervous system, showing how the brain and spinal cord connect to nerves throughout the body to control movement, coordination, and reflexes.

 

Nervous System (Part 3)

·      Common conditions or diseases include:

-      peripheral neuropathy

-      equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)

-      listeriosis

 

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)

·      Is caused by horses ingesting feces of opossums which contain protozoa

·      Causes lesions on the spinal cord and brain stem and neurologic damage

·      Symptoms:

-      loss of coordination

-      stumbling

-      soreness

-      muscle atrophy

-      weakness

-      head tilit

 

Listeriosis

·      Is a bacterial disease which causes uncoordinated movements, leaning against objects and paralysis

·      Can result in death within two to three days after the onset of symptoms

 

Skeletal System

·      Protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs ·      

·      Is made up of bones and other connective tissues

·      Common conditions or illnesses include:

-      osteochondrosis

-      hip dysplasia

-      fractures

 

Skeletal System


The image is a labeled anatomical diagram of a cat's skeletal system, shown in profile facing left. The bones are displayed in light beige with a semi-transparent blue overlay of the cat's body for reference. Each bone is labeled, illustrating the full skeletal structure. The labels are listed here in clockwise order starting from the head: Skull – The bony structure enclosing the brain and supporting the face. Vertebra – The individual bones forming the spine along the back. Scapula – The shoulder blade, a flat bone on the upper side of the thorax. Thoracic Spike – The pointed projections along the thoracic vertebrae. Ilium – The broad upper part of the pelvis. Pelvis – The bony structure connecting the spine to the hind limbs. Hip Joint – The ball-and-socket joint between the pelvis and femur. Ischium – The lower rear part of the pelvis. Femur – The upper hind limb bone (thigh bone). Fibula – The thin bone running parallel to the tibia in the lower hind limb. Tibia – The thicker and larger bone of the lower hind limb. Tail – Composed of caudal vertebrae, extending from the pelvis. Tarsus – The ankle bones in the hind limb. Metatarsal – The long bones in the foot between the tarsus and toes. Phalanges – The bones of the toes (shared between forelimbs and hind limbs). Carpal – The wrist bones in the front limb. Ulna – One of the two bones in the forelimb, on the outer side. Radius – The other forelimb bone, positioned on the inner side. Humerus – The upper front limb bone, connecting the shoulder to the elbow. Clavicle – A small collarbone near the front of the shoulder. Mandible – The lower jawbone used for chewing and biting. Phalanges – Repeated here for the front foot/toes. Costal Arch – The curved structure formed by the lower ribs and costal cartilage. Costal Cartilage - The cartilage connecting ribs to the sternum. Sternum – The breastbone located at the midline of the chest. Rib – The series of curved bones that form the protective cage of the thorax.

 

Osteochondrosis

·      Is a disease which can affect a variety of joints of a young, growing animal

·      Causes irregular bone growth which can lead to painful lesions within the joints

 

Hip Dysplasia

·      Is an inherited condition which is caused by a hip joint which has not formed properly

·      Causes a joint to be loose and allows the leg bone to move too much which results in painful deterioration

 

Fractures

·      Are also known as a break in bones

·      Often occur due to accidents or incidents such as falls

·      Require immediate care to reduce pain and proper healing

 

Reproductive System

·      Consists of reproductive organs within animals which work together for the purpose of sexual _____reproduction________

·      Female anatomy includes:

-      ovaries

-      uterus

-      vagina

-      vulva  

-      utter

·      Male anatomy includes:

-      penis

-      testes

 

Male Reproductive System


The image is a black-and-white anatomical line drawing of the male reproductive system, shown in a sagittal (side-view) cross-section. The image includes internal and external reproductive structures, with each part clearly labeled. Descriptions below follow a clockwise path starting from the top left of the image: Cowper’s Gland – A small round gland near the base of the penis, below the prostate. It secretes a fluid that lubricates the urethra before ejaculation. Prostate Gland – Located centrally and just below the bladder, this large, round gland surrounds the upper part of the urethra and produces a portion of seminal fluid. _____________ – Paired sac-like structures located behind the bladder. They contribute nutrient-rich fluid to semen that helps support sperm. Penis – The external male reproductive organ shown extending to the right. It surrounds the urethra, which serves as a passage for urine and semen. Vas Deferens – A thin, tubular structure that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. It loops upward from the scrotum and joins the ducts from the seminal vesicles near the prostate. Testicle (Testis) – An oval-shaped organ housed inside the scrotum. It produces sperm and the hormone testosterone. Scrotum – The sac of skin located outside the body that holds and protects the testicles and helps regulate their temperature. _____________ (Tail, Body, Head) – A coiled structure that rests on the testicle. It consists of three regions: Tail – The narrow, lower end where sperm are stored before ejaculation. Body – The middle segment where sperm mature. Head – The upper part that connects to the vas deferens. This diagram offers a clear view of the structure and function of the male reproductive system, showing the pathway sperm takes from production to ejaculation, and the glands that contribute to semen composition.

 

Female Reproductive System


The image is a black-and-white anatomical line drawing of the female reproductive system, shown in a sagittal (side-view) cross-section. The structures are elongated and tubular, representing the internal organs involved in reproduction. Labels are provided for each part, and they are listed here in clockwise order starting from the external opening: Vulva – The external opening of the reproductive tract, located on the left side of the diagram. It is the visible part of the female genitalia and the entry point to the vagina. Vagina – A long, straight muscular canal that extends inward from the vulva. It serves as the site for mating and the birth canal. _____________ – A thick, ridged structure at the end of the vagina. It acts as a gateway between the vagina and uterus, forming a barrier that opens only during heat, birth, or insemination. Uterine Horn – Two curved, tube-like extensions that branch off from the uterus. These structures support embryo implantation and fetal development, especially in litter-bearing species. Ovary – A small, oval-shaped organ located at the end of the uterine horn. It is responsible for producing eggs (ova) and reproductive hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Oviduct – A thin, coiled tube that connects the ovary to the uterine horn. This is the site where fertilization typically occurs. _____________ – The central section of the uterus, located just past the cervix, where the two uterine horns merge. It serves as the space where fetal development continues after implantation. This diagram provides a clear view of the key structures in the female reproductive system and the pathway through which sperm travels, fertilization occurs, and embryos develop.

 

Reproductive System

·      Common conditions or diseases include:

-      ___________infertility__

-      dystocia

 

Infertility

·      Is the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy

·      Males can be infertile as well

·      Can be causes by lack or decreased sperm count, injury, inherited or overheating

·      Can affect animals of all ages but tends to more commonly affect older animals

 

Dystocia

·      Is defined as difficult birthing

·      May occur because of maternal difficulties or the position of the fetus within the uterus

 

Common Veterinary Terms & Abbreviations

Common Veterinary Terms (Part 1)

·      Can be grouped in the following categories:

-      species specific terms

-      physical examinations

-      animal handling

-      injections

-      blood sampling

-      laboratory procedures

·      Veterinary science is a branch of medicine involving diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases, disorders and injuries of various animal species.

·      Can be grouped in the following categories:

-      hospital procedures

-      surgical procedures

-      veterinary medical equipment

 

Common Veterinary Terms (Part 2)

-      hospital procedures

-      common veterinary abbrevations

  • surgical procedures 

  • pharmacology

  • Vet medical equipment 

-      common veterinary symbols

 

Species Specific Terms

·      Include the following:

-      cat terms

-      dog terms

-      horse terms

-      swine terms

-      cattle terms

-      sheep terms 

-      goat terms

 

Cat Terms

·      Include:

-      tom - intact male

-      neutered - castrated male

-      queen - intact female

-      spayed - sterilized female

-      kitten - young cat

-      queening - giving birth

-      litter - a group of offspring born at the same time

 

Dog Terms

·      Include:

-      dog/stud - an intact male dog

-      neutered - castrated male dog

-      bitch - an intact female

-      spayed - sterilized female

-      whelp or puppy - a young dog

-      whelping - giving birth

-      pack - a group of dogs

-      litter - a group of offspring born at the same time

 

Horse Terms

·      Include:

-      stallion - an intact male more than four years old

-      colt - an intact male than four years old

-      mare - an intact female more than four years old

-      filly - an intact female less than four years old

-      gelding - a castrated male

-      foal - a young horse

-      foaling - giving birth

 

Swine Terms

·      Include:

-      boar - an intact male

-      sow - an intact female

-      barrow - a male who is castrated when young

-      gilt - a young female which has not given birth

-      pig or shoat - a young pig

-      farrowing - giving birth

-      herd - a group of pigs

 

Cattle Terms

·      Include:

-      Bull - an intact male

-      cow - an intact female

-      steer - a male bovine castrated when young

-      heifer - a young female bovine which has not given birth

-      calf - a young bovine

-      herd - a group of cattle

-      calving or freshening - giving birth

 

Sheep Terms

·      Include:

-      ram - an intact male

-      ewe - an intact female

-      wether - a castrated male

-      lamb - a young sheep

-      flock - a group of sheep

-      freshening or lambing - giving birth

 

Goat Terms

·      Include:

-      buck - an intact male

-      doe - an intact female

-      wether - a castrated male

-      kid - a young goat

-      herd - a group of goats

-      freshening or kidding - giving birth

 

Physical Examinations

·      Are used to identify any abnormalities associated with the animal in an effort to make informed judgments about its health

 

Physical Examination Terms (Part 1)

Pulse i the number of times the heart beats per minute 

Lethargic is not alert or active 

The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled "Word" and the right column is labeled "Meaning." The table lists key veterinary physical examination terms and their definitions. There are nine rows beneath the header, each containing a term and its corresponding meaning: Vital Signs – Assess an animal’s health; includes pulse, respiration, and temperature. _____________ – Number of times the heart beats per minute. Respiration – Breaths per minute. Temperature – Degree of heat of a living body. Lymph Nodes – Small glands that filter lymph fluid; become swollen in response to infection and tumors. Capillary Refill Time – Time it takes for blood to return to the tissue. Abnormalities – Opposite of normal. _____________ – Not alert or active. Tartar – Plaque buildup on teeth. The rows alternate in light gray and white background colors for contrast. This table is designed to help students or veterinary professionals understand and memorize basic clinical terms used during a physical examination of animals.

 

Physical Examination Terms (Part 2)


The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Word” and the right column is labeled "Meaning.” The table lists nine veterinary medical terms and their corresponding definitions. The rows alternate in light gray and white for readability. The table includes the following content: Plaque – Growth of bacteria on teeth. Ophthalmoscope – Instrument used when examining the eye. Palpate – Examine by touching and feeling the area. _____________ – Listening with a stethoscope or other instrument. Murmur – Abnormal sound within the heart. Arrhythmia – Irregular rhythm in the heart. Diagnostics – Identifying, characterizing, or diagnosing a problem. Femoral Pulses – Pulse found inside the thigh of the hind leg. _____________ – Redness, swelling, or pain on an area of the body. This chart is designed as a study aid or reference tool for students or professionals learning the terminology used in veterinary physical examinations.

 

Physical Examination Terms (Part 3)


The image shows a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Word” and the right column is labeled “Meaning.” The table contains seven veterinary or medical-related terms and their definitions. The background of the rows alternates between light gray and white for readability. Here are the terms and their meanings in order from top to bottom: Lesion – Any damage or abnormal change to organ or tissue through injury or disease. Orthopedic Exam – Examining the skeletal system, structures, muscles, and ligaments. _____________ – How far a joint may move freely and painlessly. Dehydration – Loss of water from the body. Gut Motility – Ability to pass material through the gut. Ambulating – To walk. _____________ – To have a bowel movement. This table serves as a vocabulary reference guide for those learning terms used in veterinary physical examinations and general clinical assessment.

 

Animal Handling (Part 1)

·      Is a term used to describe the way veterinarians and staff work with, respond to and interact with animals in a clinical or field setting

·      Is cruical to the safety of the handler, owner and animal

 

Animal Handling (Part 2)


The image displays a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is titled “Term” and the right column is titled “Definition.” The table contains eight rows of terminology commonly used in animal behavior and handling, especially in veterinary or animal care settings. The background alternates between light gray and white rows for visual clarity. The contents of the table are as follows: _____________ – State of mental or emotional strain. Abnormal Behavior – Acting differently from normal or typical behavior. Adverse Behavior – Behavior which is preventive or harmful. Submissive – Passive, obedient, or conforming. _____________ – Rope or tether which is attached around the neck of the animal to help control and restrain. Muzzle – Guard or strap which is fitted over an animal’s nose and jaw to prevent biting. Twitch – Device used to distract horses during exams or procedures. This chart serves as a helpful glossary of animal handling equipment and behavior terms, designed to assist students, veterinary staff, or animal caregivers in understanding and managing animal responses during care or restraint.

 

Animal Handling (Part 3)


The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Term” and the right column is labeled “Definition.” The table contains seven rows, each listing a term commonly used in animal handling or veterinary restraint, along with a brief definition. The rows alternate in light gray and white for easier reading. Here are the contents of the table from top to bottom: 1. Control Pole – Device used for very aggressive dogs. 2. _____________ – Form of restraint used to control large animals. 3. Chute – Form of restraint used for cattle. 4. Stocks – Form of restraint used for horses. 5. _____________ – Irritable or angered. 6. Tranquilizer – Medicinal drug used to reduce tension or stress. 7. Net – Used for fractious cats or wild animals. This table is a vocabulary aid designed to help veterinary professionals, students, and animal care staff understand the tools and terminology used when handling or restraining animals, particularly in stressful or aggressive situations.

 

Injections

·      Are used to administer medication and vaccinations

·      Techniques differ based on the dosage and administration statements describing directions for use

 

Injection Terms (Part 1)


The image shows a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is titled “Word” and the right column is titled “Meaning.” The table contains seven rows of medical and veterinary terminology related to injections and syringes. The background of the rows alternates between light gray and white for visual clarity. Here are the terms and their definitions listed from top to bottom: 1. Intramuscular (IM) – Injection of a substance directly into the muscle. 2. Subcutaneous (Sub Q) – Injection used to implant a drug into the tissue layer between the skin and the muscle. 3. Intravenous (IV) – Injection of a substance directly into the vein. 4. Syringe Barrel – Part of the syringe which holds the medicine. 5. _____________ – Placed tightly inside the barrel of the syringe; allows the applicator to push the medication through the syringe. 6. Syringe Needle – Mechanism through which the fluid is injected into the animal. 7. _____________ – Thickness, size, or measure of an object. This table serves as a glossary for understanding the basic tools and techniques used in medical or veterinary injection procedures. It is useful for students, veterinary assistants, or medical staff in training.

 

Injection Terms (Part 2)


The image displays a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Word” and the right column is labeled “Meaning.” The table contains six rows of terms commonly used in veterinary medicine, especially in the context of injections, immune response, and blood collection. The background alternates between light gray and white to help differentiate each row. Here are the terms and their definitions listed from top to bottom: Vaccinations – Medicines which contain weakened or dead bacteria and/or viruses that are injected into an animal to allow their body to create antibodies against the disease. Antibodies – Cells of the immune system that kill foreign objects in the body. _____________ – To close, shut, or stop. Jugular – Any of the three large veins in the neck. Lateral Saphenous – Two large veins located near the thigh on the hind leg. _____________ – Vein located on the front leg. This table is useful for students, veterinary professionals, and animal care staff learning the terminology associated with immune defense, vein identification, and medical procedures involving injections or blood draws.

 

Blood Sampling

·      Is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease and infection in animals

·      Obtains an initial overview of the animal’s health, functionality of an organ or tests for a certain disease

·      Requires special equipment and training

 

Blood Sampling Terms (Part 1)


The image displays a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Word” and the right column is labeled “Meaning.” The table includes seven rows of vocabulary commonly used in veterinary or medical contexts related to blood sampling and analysis. The background of the rows alternates between light gray and white for readability. Here are the terms and their definitions listed from top to bottom: Complete Blood Count (CBC) – Determines the number and type of blood cells present. _____________ – Specialized bodily fluid that performs many primary functions, including transportation, protection, and regulation. Plasma – Liquid portion of blood. Red Blood Cells – Erythrocytes which carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. _____________ – Defend the body from invading organisms. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) – Hematocrit (HCT) – Determines the portion or percentage of the whole volume of blood occupied by red blood cells. This table serves as a glossary for students, veterinary technicians, or medical professionals learning the terminology and components associated with blood collection and analysis in clinical practice.

 

Blood Sampling Terms (Part 2)


The image displays a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Word” and the right column is labeled “Meaning.” The table contains eight rows with terminology related to blood components, blood testing, and needle usage. Each row alternates in light gray and white for easier viewing. Here are the terms and their definitions, listed from top to bottom: Anemia – Deficiency of hemoglobin, reducing the number of red blood cells; causes body weakness. Red Count – Number of red blood cells in a unit volume of blood; can be used to detect a problem with red blood cell production. _____________ – Decreased blood flow. Hemoglobin – Carries oxygen to the red blood cells and helps move them to other tissues. Bevel – Small hole on the needle which allows the blood to flow into the syringe. Blood Clotting – Prevents bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. _____________ – Thrombocytes that are responsible for clotting and increase with injury. This table serves as a vocabulary resource for students, veterinary or medical professionals studying hematology and the process of blood sampling. It highlights key terms related to blood analysis, cellular components, and the tools used in venipuncture.

 

Laboratory Procedures

·      Are a routine part of veterinary medicine and are conducted to establish baseline or “normal” values for healthy animal

·      Determine the presence of illness or disease in an animal

·      Help monitor a sick animal’s response to treatment

·      Determine the risks of complications before surgery

·      Commonly include:

-      blood examinations

-      fecal examinations

-      urine examination

-      culture and sensitivity

 

Laboratory Procedure Terms


The image displays a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is titled “Test” and the right column is titled “Purpose.” The table contains seven rows of laboratory diagnostic tests commonly used in veterinary medicine, along with a description of each test's purpose. The background of the rows alternates between light gray and white for easy visual distinction. Here are the entries listed from top to bottom: SNAP® – Quick, convenient blood tests that detect multiple diseases. Complete Blood Count (CBC) – Determines the number and type of blood cells present. _____________ – Gives information on the electrolytes in the animal and organ functions. Microfilaria Smear – Detects the microscopic version of roundworms. Fecal Flotation – Detects internal parasites. _____________ – Gives information on kidney function and detects urinary tract infections. Culture and Sensitivity Tests – Identify the strain of bacteria or other pathogen and the most effective drug to inhibit the growth of the problem. This table serves as a helpful reference for veterinary students, technicians, or animal care professionals to understand the purpose of common laboratory procedures used for diagnosing and monitoring animal health.

 

Hospital Procedures

·      Are other common procedures performed within the clinic by veterinary medical staff

·      Include the following:

-      clinic protocol

-      emergency protocol and first aid

-      animal care skills

-      therapeutic care

-      reproductive and genetic evaluation

-      newborn, orphan and recumbent care

 

Hospital Procedures Terms (Part 1)


The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is titled “Procedure” and the right column is titled “Definition.” The table includes seven rows of common veterinary hospital procedures along with their meanings. Each row alternates between light gray and white for readability. Here are the terms and definitions listed from top to bottom: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) – Emergency procedure used to keep the heart pumping and oxygen flowing. _____________ – Requires applying pressure and bandages to the wound and finding the source of the bleeding. Hypovolemic Shock Treatment – Occurs when an animal’s blood volume is low; is treated by inserting IV fluids to keep the blood pressure up. Shock Treatment from Pain – Requires administering medication to the animal to relieve pain. Clinic Protocol – Guidelines which are followed by all veterinary staff to ensure safety within the clinic at all times. _____________ – Procedure performed to clean an animal’s teeth. Zoonotic Diseases – Are diseases which are communicable between humans and animals. This table is designed to help veterinary students, technicians, or animal caregivers understand key emergency and clinical procedures that take place in veterinary hospitals, as well as essential safety protocols.

 

Hospital Procedures Terms (Part 2)


The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Word” and the right column is labeled “Meaning.” The table contains eight rows of terms commonly used in veterinary reproduction, treatment, and care procedures. The background of the rows alternates between light gray and white for readability. The terms and definitions are listed from top to bottom as follows: Artificial Insemination – Inserting sperm into a female’s uterus or cervix in order to achieve pregnancy. _____________ – Study of the form of living organisms. Embryo Transfer – Placing embryos into the uterus of a female in order to establish pregnancy. In Vitro Fertilization – Process by which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside of the body before implantation. _____________ – Procedure which injects liquid into the rectum. Hydrotherapy – Washing a wound with water. Neonate – Newborn animal. Recumbent – Laying down on the back or either side. This table is designed to aid veterinary students, animal caregivers, or professionals in learning terminology related to reproductive technologies, treatments, and positioning in clinical care.

 

Surgical Procedures

·      Are complex opertions performed by veterinarians and are used to benefit an animal’s health

·      Most commonly performed within the veterinary clinic include:

-      spaying

·      surgicaly removing a female’s ovaries and uterus

-      neutering

·      surgically removing a male’s testicles

 

Surgical Procedures Terms


The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Term” and the right column is labeled “Definition.” The table contains eight rows of surgical and medical vocabulary terms, each accompanied by a definition. The background of the rows alternates between light gray and white for readability. The terms and their meanings are as follows: Excise – To cut out. Incise – To cut into. _____________ – To tie or bind with a ligature. Inversion – Turning inward or inside out. Eversion – Turning outward or inside out. Transect – To sever or cut across. _____________ – To cut apart or separate. Anesthesia – Medication used primarily during surgery to minimize pain, discomfort, and shock. This table serves as a vocabulary aid for veterinary and medical students or professionals learning basic surgical terms and their applications in clinical or procedural settings.

 

Veterinary Medical Equipment

·      Is used to perform surgical procedures, the determination of health in animals and to administer medication

·      Includes:

-      common electronic technology

-      common imaging equipment

-      common surgical instruments

-      common medication administration instruments

 

Common Electronic Technology

·      Is used daily in veterinary clinics to help determine illness and the overall health of animals


The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Electronic Technology” and the right column is labeled “Use.” The table contains three rows listing common types of laboratory or clinical equipment used in veterinary or medical settings, along with their primary functions. The rows alternate in light gray and white for clarity. Here are the terms and their definitions listed from top to bottom: _____________ – Separation of fluids by spinning a vessel holding material at a high speed. Autoclave – Decontaminates and sterilizes surgical instruments. _____________ – Analyzes blood, fecal, urine, and sperm microscopically. This table is designed to help students, technicians, or healthcare professionals understand the basic functions of essential electronic devices commonly found in veterinary or medical laboratories.

 

Common Imaging Equipment

·      Has revolutionized veterinary medicine by allowing veterinarians to determine disease, illness and overall health of animals easily


The image shows a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Imaging Equipment” and the right column is labeled “Use.” The table contains four rows that describe different types of diagnostic imaging technologies commonly used in medical and veterinary practices, along with their primary functions. The rows alternate between light gray and white for easy visual separation. Here are the entries listed from top to bottom: Radiography – Examines the body for injury or disease. _____________ – Creates images of body structures from a pattern of echoes reflected from the structures being imaged. Endoscopy – Examines the esophagus, stomach, upper intestines, colon, cecum, large bowel, and rectum. _____________ – Records electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. This table is intended to help students, veterinary or medical professionals, and technicians understand the purpose of various imaging tools used to diagnose and monitor internal conditions in animals or humans.

 

Common Surgical Instruments

·      Are specially designed tools or devices which perform specific actions while performing surgery or an operation on animals


The image is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is labeled “Surgical Instrument” and the right column is labeled “Use.” The table lists four commonly used surgical instruments along with their purposes in medical or veterinary procedures. The rows alternate in light gray and white for easy distinction. Here are the terms and their definitions listed from top to bottom: Scissors – Used to cut tissue, sutures, and hard material. _____________ – Used to grasp, cut, compress, and pull tissues. Scalpels – Sharp surgical knives used to make incisions. _____________ – Used during operations and wound healing. This table serves as a quick-reference guide for students, surgical assistants, or veterinary professionals to understand the basic function of standard surgical tools used in procedures.

 

Common Medication Administration Instruments (Part 1)

·      Are used to inject medication into an animal in order to diagnose, treat or prevent illness


This is a two-column table with a black header row. The left column is titled "Instrument" and the right column is titled "Use." The table contains three rows, each listing a medical instrument commonly used to administer medications in animals, along with its function. Here are the table entries from top to bottom: Syringe - administering a liquid medication into the animal via mouth, instramuscularly or intravenously _____________ - attached to a syringe and used for injected medications _____________ - inject or draw fluids into/or out of the body

 

Common Medication Administration Instruments (Part 2)


This is a two-column table. The left column is labeled "Instrument" and the right column is labeled "Use." The table includes three rows describing veterinary instruments used for administering medication to animals, along with their specific purposes. Here are the entries from top to bottom: Hypodermic Syringes and Needles - very small syringes which are used with hollow needles for injections into or under the skin _____________ - administer de-wormers, niacin, calcium and other drenchers _____________ - administer oral medication capsules or boluses into an animal

 

Pharmacology

·      Is the study of medcine which focuses on the uses, effects and modes of actions in drugs

·      Is divided into the study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

 

Pharmacology Terms (Part 1)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Term" and the right column labeled "Definition". The table includes six rows listing fundamental pharmacology-related terms and their meanings. Here are the terms and definitions listed from top to bottom: Pharmacodynamics - study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their actions _____________ - physiological movement of drugs within the body and how drugs move into, through and out of the body Drug - substance used to treat, cure, prevent or diagnose a condition Diagnostic Drug - part of a test in order to identify and label a condition _____________ - treatment of a condition Preventative Drug - prevent a condition

 

Pharmacology Terms (Part 2)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled, "Term" and the right column labeled "Definition." The table contains four rows with pharmacoogy-related vocabulary, describing drug classifications and processes in veterinary and human medicine. Here are the terms and their definitions listed from top to bottom: _____________ - intended for use in animal feeds Over-the-Counter Drug - available to anyone without a prescription Controlled Substance - drugs considered to be dangerous due to potential human abuse or misuse _____________ - process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs

 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 1)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Abbreviation" and the right column labeled "Meaning". The table contains seven rows of common abbreviations used in veterinary medicine, along with their definitions. Here are the abbreviations and their meanings listed from top to bottom: Ad lib - freely, as wanted _____________ - anal glands AS - left ear AD - right ear ASAP - as soon as possible _____________ - each ear BAR - bright, alert, responsive

 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 2)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Abbreviation" and the right column labeled "Meaning". The table contains seven rows of common abbreviations used in veterinary medicine, along with their definitions. Here are the abbreviations and their meanings listed from top to bottom: Bid - twice daily _____________ - bowel movement BW - body weight C - with CAP - capsule _____________ - complete blood count CNC - central nervous system

 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 3)


 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 4)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Abbreviation" and the right column is labeled "Meaning." The table contains seven rows, each listing a commonly used veterinary abbreviation alongside its definition. The abbreviations and their meanings are listed from top to bottom as follows: HCT - hematocrit _____________ - heartworm HWP - heartworm preventative ICU - intensive care unit IM - intramuscular IN - intranasal _____________ - intraperitoneal

 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 5)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Abbreviation" and the right column is labeled "Meaning." The table contains seven rows, each listing a commonly used veterinary abbreviation alongside its definition. The abbreviations and their meanings are listed from top to bottom as follows: IV - intravenous _____________ - male neutered NPO- nothing by mouth OD - right eye OS - left eye _____________ - both eyes per os - orally, by mouth

 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 6)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Abbreviation" and the right column is labeled "Meaning." The table contains seven rows, each listing a commonly used veterinary abbreviation alongside its definition. The abbreviations and their meanings are listed from top to bottom as follows: prn - as necessary _____________ - every q2h - every 2 hours q6h - every 6 hours qd - every day _____________ - every hour QID - four times a day

 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 7)


 

Common Veterinary Abbreviations (Part 8)


This is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Abbreviation" and the right column is labeled "Meaning." The table contains seven rows, each listing a commonly used veterinary abbreviation alongside its definition. The abbreviations and their meanings are listed from top to bottom as follows: TID - three times a day TNT - toenail trim _____________ - temperature, pulse, respiration TX - treatment UA - urinalysis ung - ointment _____________ - white blood cell

 

Common Veterinary Symbols


The image is a two-column table with the left column labeled "Symbol" and the right column is labeled "Definition." The table contains ten rows listing symbols commonly used in veterinary and medical contexts, along with their meanings. The symbols and their definitions are listed from top to bottom as follows: ° – Degree. / – Per. % – Percent. _____________ – Approximately. = – Equals. _____________ – Greater than. ≥ – Greater than or equal to. < – Less than. ≤ – Less than or equal to. ± – Plus or minus.