Social Institutions
State Institutions
Institutions that have state functions, established to govern the state, including various agencies and offices.
Examples of State Institutions
Organizations under the Office of the President include:
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
National Statistics Office (NSO) / Philippine Statistics Office (PSA)
Tariff Commission
National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)
National Security Council (NSC)
Office of the Press Secretary (OPS)
Philippine News Agency (PNA)
Philippine Anti-Graft Commission
Constitutional Commissions:
Commission on Human Rights (CHR)
Commission on Audit (COA)
Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
Civil Service Commission (CSC)
Local Government Units
National Government Agencies (e.g., DILG, DND, DAR, DA, DOH, DepEd)
Government-owned corporations (e.g., GSIS, PAG-IBIG, NFA, PHIC, SSS)
Non-State Institution
“Non-state actors”
Groups of people or organizations participating in international affairs, not affiliated with any nation.
Examples of Non-State Institutions
Entities involved in various sectors:
Banks
Corporations
Trade Unions
Cooperatives
Development Agencies
Civil Organizations
Transnational Advocacy Groups
Social Institutions
Organized sets of elements (beliefs, rules, practices, relationships) aimed at achieving social order.
Refers to well-establish and structured relationships between groups of people that are considered fundamental components of society’s culture
Institutional Approach
Describes social institutions as ordered sets of rules, norms, beliefs, and values that organize human behavior.
Relational Approach
Focuses more on social relations over rules, norms, beliefs, and values.
Examples of Social Institutions
Family
Economy
Health
Religion
Other non-state institutions
Family, Marriage and Kinship
Definition of Family
Consists of individuals related by blood, marriage, or shared residence; considered the foundation of the nation per the 1987 constitution.
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Nuclear Family
Also known as immediate family, consisting of parents and their children.
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Extended Family
Includes the nuclear family along with other relatives (grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins).
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Reconstituted Families
Composed of spouses and their children from previous marriages.
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Kinship
Defined as a social structure formed by relations among individuals linked by blood or marriage ties.
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Kinship Ties Based on Descent
Types of kinship include:
Matrilineal
Patrilineal
Bilineal
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Matrilineal Kinship
Descent is traced through the female line.
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Patrilineal Kinship
Descent is traced through the male line.
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Bilineal Kinship
Refers to a descent system that incorporates both male and female lines.
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Marriage and Kinship
Kinship can also arise from marriage, recognized as a formal union between man and woman.
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Monogamous Relationships
Common in most Christian societies where one spouse is allowed.
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Polygamous Relationships
Typical in some Islamic societies, where individuals may have more than one spouse.
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Polygyny
A form of polygamy where a husband may have multiple wives.
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Polyandry
Where a wife can have multiple husbands.
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Economic Institution
Addresses questions about the allocation of society's limited resources.
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Fundamental Economic Questions
What should be produced?
How will these products be produced?
What is the cost of these products?
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Liberal Economics
Advocates that market forces determine resource distribution; associated with Adam Smith.
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Market Dynamics
Self-regulating market mechanisms decide the availability and pricing of goods, with users participating freely, minimizing state intervention.
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Socialist Perspective
Critiques market dominance by the bourgeoisie, who control the means of production.
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Bourgeoisie in Market Economy
Exclusively benefits from the free-market system; includes financiers and bankers.
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Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Suggested that the proletariat (laborers) should control the market and the state.
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Market Failure
Occurs when inefficiencies arise from imperfect competition, information, or mobility.
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Educational and Health Institutions
Critical for societal function and welfare.
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Educational Institutions
Ensure literacy and cultural transmission.
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Health Institutions
Provide access to health services for universal public health.
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The Institution of Religion
Consists of beliefs and practices specific to a social group.
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Church Organizations
Grouped with universal membership, supporting and reflecting the larger society's beliefs.
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Sectarian Groups
Exclusive religious groups that often challenge larger societal norms.
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Classification of Religion
Categorizes religions based on their beliefs and practices.
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Monotheistic Religions
Belief in one god; examples include Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.
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Polytheistic Religions
Belief in many gods; an example is Hinduism.
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Belief Systems: Animism
Not traditionally classified as a religion, but recognizes spiritual essence in both animate and inanimate objects.