World History exam 2
Liang Qichao
Background
Chinese scholar, journalist, philosopher, and reformist
Born on February 23, 1873, in Xinhui, Guangdong, China
Influential figure during the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China
Contributions
Advocated for political and social reforms in China
Emphasized the importance of modernization and learning from the West
Played a key role in the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898
Founded the Baohuang Hui (Protect the Emperor Society) to promote constitutional monarchy
Works
Worked on Newspapers, because it spread the word
Writings include "On the New Citizen," "On the Constitution," and "On the People's Rights"
Emphasized the need for a strong central government and the rule of law
Criticized traditional Chinese values and called for embracing Western ideas
Legacy
Considered one of the most important intellectuals of the late Qing and early Republican periods
Influence on Chinese Political Thought and Reform Movements
His ideas continue to be studied and debated in China and beyond
we need to transform the people
Later Life
Exiled to Japan after the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform
Continued to write and advocate for reform from abroad
Returned to China in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty
Death
Passed away on January 19, 1929, in Beijing, China
Remembered for his contributions to Chinese intellectual history and reform movements
1895 Japan vs. China
A lot of Chinese people go to Japan for modern education.
Doctors - We are lawyers, we fix society
Most of the newspapers are published by Missionaries
newspapers are creating a community
Ling Qauchio is importing new concepts of words.
Guomin - Citizen
Minguo - republic
Minquan - Civil rights
a min is an ordinary person
job to work, grow food, and pay taxes
Self-strengthening: We just wanted the new modern technology.
Yan Fu on Spencer and Darwin
Summary:
Chinese scholar Yan Fu was influenced by Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin, applying their ideas of evolution and natural selection to society and culture. He believed societies should evolve like species to meet changing needs, viewing "survival of the fittest" as the key to understanding the societal competition. By translating Spencer's and Darwin's works into Chinese, Yan Fu aimed to modernize China and compete with the West, impacting Chinese intellectual thought and modernization efforts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
This is your duty as a citizen - going to war.
Zhang Zhidong - Supports self-strengthening but is afraid of forgetting old traditional ways. He says if we get rid of traditional ideas society will lose its identity and fall.
Reforming Ordinary People
smoking opium
weakens you, they want citizens to be productive
Foot binding
called it feudal “That’s a feudal custom”
Trad men found it attractive
Shows the status of completing formal women's training
it’s harder to remove the smoking part, bc it makes revenue
The problem where Ling Quacho is to keep reforming everything about Chinese people.
wants to get rid of classical Chinese
get rid of the traditional family (arranged families)
we are young people who need to rebel against old ways
cutting off the Qing dynasty hair tail (meaning they are no longer loyal to the dynasty)
democracy between two sexes and women's liberation
More modern clothing
May Fourth Movement
The May Fourth Movement was a cultural and political movement in China that emerged in 1919 in response to the Treaty of Versailles, which led to widespread protests against imperialism and feudalism. It marked a turning point in Chinese history, advocating for modernization, democracy, and nationalism, and played a significant role in shaping the country's future political and intellectual landscape.
Lu Xun, A Chinese author
Huge on the May 4 movement
Mind Map: May Fourth Movement 1919 and a New China
Central Idea: May Fourth Movement 1919
Causes: Treaty of Versailles, Shandong Issue, Cultural and Intellectual Awakening
Key Events: Student Protests, Worker Strikes, Establishment of New Culture Movement
Impact: Nationalism, Rise of Communism, Modernization
Legacy: Influence on Chinese Politics, Promotion of Democracy, Cultural Renaissance
One of the most important movements would have to be the Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi. It began after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The massacre fueled the Indian independence movement against British rule. The salt march was one of the independence movements, Gandhi a nonviolent activist gathered women to start making salt for themselves. If the British government does not listen it will hit them where it hurts, the economy. It’s something so small that starts something big. Cooking seawater to create salt, is nonviolent. The British soldiers cannot do anything about it unless they adhere to their request to free India from British rule.
A major event that happened in China would be the "May Fourth Movement." The May Fourth Movement was a significant cultural and political movement that aimed to reform Chinese society. A student-led protest in Beijing on May 4, 1919, led to widespread protests against imperialism and feudalism. There's many key figures were involved in this movement such as Lu Xun a Chinese author. It was a turning point in Chinese history that emphasized modernization, nationalism, and the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921.
The Boxer Rebellion
Ling Quacho loves rebellion, when people come together to make change. The problem is that they're traditional
Background
Occurred in China from 1899 to 1901
Fueled by anti-foreign sentiment and resentment towards Christian missionaries
Boxers, a secret society, led the rebellion
Causes
Economic hardships in China
The spread of Christianity and Western influence
Qing Dynasty's weakness and corruption
Events
Boxers attacked foreigners, Chinese Christians, and Western symbols
Siege of foreign legations in Beijing
Eight-Nation Alliance intervened to suppress the rebellion
Consequences
Boxer Protocol signed, imposing heavy indemnities on China
Weakening of the Qing Dynasty
Increased foreign intervention and control in China
Impact
Loss of Chinese sovereignty and prestige
Strengthened anti-foreign sentiment in China
Contributed to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911
Legacy
Remembered as a symbol of Chinese resistance against foreign imperialism
Influenced Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialist movements
How does Ling feel about this?
Bad: its ideology behind it, they’re feudal
organized, and passionate which is good
Asian Peasant, Modern, & Chinese Exclusion Act
Protest - After the Japanese petitioning for lower rent, when it doesn’t work. They start smashing (destroying stuff).
Traditional moral economy protest
If we boycott, refuse to buy foreign goods. Eventually, they have to deal w us soon.
The rich don’t behave like they used to,
The 1894 Ton Ghak Uprising Rebellion in Korea
to drive out the Japanese, and religious protest
Summary
The 1894 Tonghak Uprising in Korea was caused by social inequality, peasant discontent, government corruption, and religious factors influenced by the Tonghak Movement.
The suppression of religious freedom led to the Sino-Japanese War, involving China and Japan, resulting in the Treaty of Shimonoseki and the establishment of the Korean Empire, ending the Joseon Dynasty.
The uprising had a significant impact on Korean history, sparking the Korean Independence Movement, fostering nationalism, anti-imperialist sentiments, modernization efforts, and influencing future rebellions with a shift in power dynamics.
moral economy
there’s a moral agreement with the poor n the rich
they believe they can write petitions when there’s something wrong
doesn’t work they protest
Chinese people migrating to Tokyo, Japan. A spike in population in Japan.
hoping to move to the big city, to make money
Rickshaws
renting a rickshaws,
A symbol of colonial asian,
exploition of rich asians & foreigners
Dreams: to have a richshaw empire
Women jobs
Sewing machine, to repair clothes.
her dream to marry a rich person
to send money back home
The dream is to make it big
they don’t
Many foreigners do factory work, the work is physically dangerous
long hours, barley any pay, repetitive
Women are mostly in factories, as they’re less to resist conditions.
Urban people will commit protest n value
But instead they start to form unions, and political parties for better conditions and rights
Union groups are not good for major companies
Based on the idea of class conscious, we are never going to have success if we aren’t under one party together. 101 How to form a workers union
Never cross a picket it line Darwinist, Asia can advance)
The Soviet example and why Asians like - we can drag a backward country forward
workers protests in Hong Kong - anti-foreign, nationalist, and international
demanding change in the rural economy
1905 anti-american boycott - Economic Power of Asian Consumers
In 1912, a boycott of the tramway system in Johannesburg, South Africa was organized by the African National Congress (ANC) and the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) to protest against the segregation policies of the government.
The boycott was a significant event in the history of the anti-apartheid movement and marked a key moment of resistance against racial discrimination in the country.
1922
In 1922, Hong Kong experienced the Hong Kong Seamen's Strike, a major general strike led by seamen demanding improved treatment and working conditions. The strike showcased unity and strength among the seamen, sparking discussions on labor rights and inspiring future movements for fair worker treatment.
Chinese exclusion act
After `14 years you can be a citizen but this does not apply to Asians
by 1905 Asias are protesting by boycotting goods.
The Modern Girl
happens after ww1
An economic boom happens
1919 eventually India would be independent
why bc asians are eventually going to run their society
Middle class: tends to be more nationalist, a new Asian middle class
mostly bc of advertising, you become middle-class after owning a lot of things
Advertising cosmetics for girls
everyone trying to find their place in their world
Learning how to kiss from movies
Movies & magazines contrast from the government
Modern girls listening to Jazz
American popular music “Jazz”.
Mostly cafe waitress, jazz age
Ruby Mysers/Sulochana, a telephone girl.
becomes the first movie girl
The problem is she doesn’t speak indian]
Li Ya-ching a Movie actress, starts when she was 12
Route of Shanghai express (movie)
express trains meet a bankers
the woman tries to con the man
as a teenager, she plays Mulan (Li Yan Ching)
plays patriotic roles,
eventually marries a Chinese diplomat
divorces him
rumors spread, giving guys airplane rides.
She never gets married again
redeems herself for serving the nation
raising money for the Chinese war effort
women rebels against society
The purpose is to be whoever you want to be in the big city
3/19/24
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, India. British troops, led by Colonel Reginald Dyer, fired on unarmed Indian civilians protesting oppressive laws and the arrest of Indian leaders. The indiscriminate shooting caused many deaths and injuries, fueling the Indian independence movement against British rule. This brutal act intensified nationalist sentiments and inspired Indians to strive for freedom and self-rule.
The Commission concluded that the gathering in Jallianwala Bagh during the day of Baisakhi was not a conspiracy to overthrow British rule in Punjab. The committee also concluded that the duration of firing (10 minutes), as ordered by Dyer, was a grave error.
Grandi- takes advantage of this
Grandi Non-violent protests are important
inspires MLK.
Grandi: The salt march. Salt is a monopoly, which comes from the British monopoly
we cannot invade London, but we can hit it economically
Instead, we get seawater and boil it to get our salt
throws him in jail, but makes more salt
Salt march carried out of poor women (soldiers cannot shoot women or elderly man)
You need the little things to transform a person into a politically active person
Makes salt
disrespect the British empire
She goes back home, people are in awe
Grandi violence sucks, it produces hatred. Non-violence gets you allies
The Movement to make your own cloth, most of the cloth in India is produced by the British. Grandi protests this by making his own cloth. Its an outward example, people will see this.
A commitment that everyone can see
Demonstrating who you are through what you wear
We all Indians together, not imitations of British people
Grandi’s non-violent hunger strike 1940s
Uma leaves India as an nobody, goes to London involves herself with revolutionary. Shes net-grandi
uma would have had problems with grandhi, you need to forget some things. We are Indians together, at the beginning people believe Grandhi didn’t have much interest in certain groups such as women. Grandhi vision involves a lot of men, the liberation of Indian men. Men weaving their own clothes, and political system. Kinda forgetting about the Indian women, who he wants to work on salt cooking & Cloth.
creating an India for high-cast Indians.
Gandhi's huge Hinduism idol
Gets killed by a Hindu who thought that Gandhi was giving India too much.
Gets three bullets in his chest.
He wanted to create a single India, wants to make an India a national state
he is a matryr, making him a symbol
The last Englishmen to rule India - Nehru
1947 India becomes independent
The British is supposed to make a line dividing the Hindus and Muslims
This creates a huge problem bc people living on the wrong side. 100,000 thousands of people died. Many began to live in camps, the country tears itself apart
Chinese communists and the peasants - 3/21/24
government vs. peasants all over Asia
China was afraid they were going be carved up like a melon, gets rid of the old government (Qing dynasty) establishing the Republic
Splits up in factions, young college students engage in the may fourth movement.
China receives help from the Russians, we don’t got modern citizens. We need to transform the society. Warlord factions dislike this,
a quote that summarizes this “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun”
The communist (CCP) & the nationalist
we need reliable people, a lifetime commitment to a political party. Constant education
Sun-Sat Sen political party card -
police will shoot anyone w a political party card (revolutionaries)
wants the political party to merge w government)
dies from cancer
People make a matry of him, one great leader. A funeral train, they wanted to see the Sun-sat-sen funeral train. Something that attaches you to the nation. Pallbearers (carrying your casket), being social with him you can make a political career out of it. “I was a pallbearer for Sun-sat-sen. After Sun-sat-sen death, China imposes kids should read Sun-sat-sen's final will & testament—the start of a cult.
Chiang Kai-shek built a new China in 1927. Miltarize most of China and Defeat the different warlords throughout China.
A Party Dictatorship & The sun-sat-sen Cult
Wants aid from America so Kai-shek marries a Chinese American -educated woman— alliance w the soviet union & the Nazi Party.
Alliance w China. Most other countries believe China is a poor country & want to help themselves economically. Mix of motives such as a military alliance, and buying weapons.
Creating deals w foreign power is a huge deal. The Kai-shek family is huge, a family/modern government. You need foreign aid, to become a modern country.
Chiang Kai-shek had two kids, One became a tank general In Germany another became an engineer and married a Russian woman.
Grandhi voluntary, or China less voluntary to make you political
Party and its cadres
Russia aids Political parties with future planes n tanks. Teaching them how to make a modern army.
Propaganda plays, at college
Chiang Kai-Shek tries to make boys into improper men with marches and Youth organizations.
Militarize, wants to get rid of modern girls & jazz. Wants to reform men
Gym classes & the importance of Athletes. Need to build you into modern people
we cannot lose to other nations. Nations don’t take China Athletics seriously,
picture shown is a Chinese athlete at the Nazi Olympics.
Forces peasants & communist revolts. We are forcing you to be modern. Gets advice from German advisers. Builds roads to crush the revolts, and encourages peasants to become modern. Counter-insurgency
Chian Kai-shek is a loser, making an authority police force. We have the technology to force you to behave how we want.
Grandhi Vs. Chiang kai-shek (Grandhi first name Muhama meaning saint)
Peace vs. Violence.
similarities: wants to make modern people & wants to make a new gov. This can happen through education.
Difference: Grandhi doesn’t make a cult personality. Kai-sheks produces a cult personality.
the second exam goes over the first exam. Quiz this weekend
professional revolutionary parties
CCP
Boslevik party
Nationalist China
Marixsim & Communist - an Anti-traditonal China.
Chinese nationalists are trying to make a new modern China
Russians would send guns & advisors to liberate the country or to kill people
Pigdin warriors are Chinese traditionist
Mao Zedong - a Revolutionary (A May fourther & who attended Bejin University)
The rich n powerful are never going to give up power
May fourth movement wasn’t enough
“A revolution is not a dinner party or writing an essay or painting a picture or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained, and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows” - Mao Zedong (You need to take political power from the rich, they will never give it back)
We need to overthrow the Chinese society!
Marxism dislikes peasants but wants work w factors workers(peasants own land)
Uma riots in Protest, we all work together instead of Indians vs. Burmese. We need to turn the angry peasants into political peasants.
(Pesant reading books to become a communist, to become political you must undergo constant education)
Angry peasant —> shows up to meetings to get an education —→ all different religions, Mao says you need people to convince others to think economically. Convince peasants to complain & to rise above adversity. To convince a peasant to complain is to start telling peasants what work conditions & wages could be better. We go to the landlord to hear our demand. (We organize, unify under one class, ask for our demands). The reason, why you are poor peasants who are being exploited, is to do something about it. Rich peasants & landlord, exploit people and peasants work
The CCP is does not care who are you n how you look (literally anyone can become a proper revolutionary)
(Reasons why ppl join)
Food borrowing (20) (they believe in the moral economy)
Revenge (5)
witnessing big events (6)
Muddle head (11)
Gurrieral warfare (when the people organize groups (guerrilla) instead of supporting the army)
drives the community out of Juichin. 100,00 started the march, then lost 10,000\
Mao believed that poor people were the source of the revolution. To go against the landowners, you need to take power from the old society yourself.
1937 Japanese invades China
-Someone needs to go to Peasants villages n to organize them to fight back
Communist bases are scattered throughout China
Americans support communist China by giving cotton.
Chiang Shiek government is corrupt
Ordinary people are not getting the aid. The aid isn’t distributed evenly, most go to the elites
massive inflation - the US supported by giving USD to back up their depreciating currency on December 1948.
Mao stresses that relying on peasants is a way to take over your country and to rebuild it. The method of mass enthusiasm.
We need trained doctors in China! Russians built & trained doctors.
The problem w barefoot doctors (mostly teenagers) send to a modern school. To teach them about medical stuff for 6 months.
This is dirt cheap doctors, No matter how much aid we get we must solve our problems
Campaign against rats, Us way to solve it by money n to poison everything.
Mao says to kill two rats, peasants kill three instead. American method: rely on money n technology meanwhile Mao rely on mass enthusiasm & people
1949 Communist take over China
1950 Chinese intervention in Korea. The US intervenes and wants to destroy communism, we get our asses kick. Dao says we won because we have enthusiastic peasants instead of technology.
You do not need weapons or planes to defeat Huge countries but happy people.
Mao Euthastic Method
Mao is violent & Gandhi is peaceful. Similarities, to make people political actives. Gandhi makes people protest about evil
Mao makes peasants against people. Mao doesn’t care about the people but Gandhi does.
Real point of salt march is to get people involved
social Darwinism - racism
rickshaw poor to rich
Ho Chi Minh - believes in getting support from foreign countries.
US believes that if they helps viet, it will benefit them too. Another country if they could control
Minh wants to build a new independent Viet, he’s a communist & nationalist
He believes communism can drive out France, that Viet should be run by the viet. Get rid of the feudal system, and the rich. College Girls mostly join the communists.
Why was many asian movements successful?
because of Cult Personailty
Uncle Ho (Just like Mao n George Washington)
Decolozine movements
The French give up from fighting guerrilla warfare
US takes its place, Ho Chin Minh said the something would happen to US
1950 the UN steps in to see what government they want
US split up Viet because if were together Mo Chin will win the election n the entire country would be communist
North viet (Communist) & South Viet (Democrat??? ish?) South Viet tried different systems
Bao Dai the last emperor in viet is sent to US for exile.
Buddhist protest against the South Viet anti-Budisht protest by enlightening himself
South viet starts to alienate itself, South Viet is lost
North Viet gets bombed a ton, by napalm
Running away from the Napalm bombing is famous picture.
US soldiers wonder why is US in Cambodia n viet
NO matter how much money you put in viet to save it from Communist, someone is going to dropout. US did……pulled out from viet (finally)
Ethnic cleansing - purging society all of the bad stuff (bad stuff = traditional)
Communist regiment - people are now moving in camps where they work, eat, n sleep. Reason why everyone is in the same place to control them. Your day-to-day life is controlled.
Communists are atheists n hate traditions.
communist hate rock n roll
made from western
its socialized to individualism, not contributing to the movement
If captured they will take them to a camp to “educate them”
The difference between a rich peasant n a poor one is how much do you exploit others?
(CCP China)
Political campaign - its important to participate (if not they will think you are own the other side)
To find feudal people n re-educate them.
Want to give rid of old ideas. For example temples n books. Destroy all of the temples n shrines.
Mao needs to attack a class enemy. (no more Japs & other enemies) Kids stop going to class and preach the communist stuff. Let’s attack our teachers!
The Red Guard factions - led by angry teenagers
You need a revolution experience, bc our past brothers fought against the Japanese. Denouncing your parents of their feudal ways. Why because teachers have a history of being a nationists, going to a different country to educate themselves, or to learn a new language. They go to trial n shit. Students haven’t gone to school in like 10 years
Mao Buttons to denounce the feudal system. Everyone must engage in the communist movement
Lots of young people were sent to the country-side to learn from peasants. That being poor n ignorant is awesome - said by Mao
Revolution violence is popular, people don’t understand the movement but love the destruction. bad things happening to educated individuals. “think they’re better than me, screw them” - a peasant.
Mao mentions that “Your problems are caused at the people from the top”
Great Leap 1958 -62 disaster
The Great Leap Forward, a campaign initiated by Mao Zedong in China from 1958 to 1962, aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian society into an industrialized socialist society. However, the campaign led to a disastrous famine and economic failure due to unrealistic goals, forced collectivization, and inefficient agricultural practices. Millions of people died from starvation and the economy suffered greatly, making it one of the deadliest man-made disasters in history.
Exam 2 week 6 to week 10
Gandhi and Mao are prime examples of influential individuals throughout history. These historical figures have countless similarities as they both want to reform society. Gandhi mobilizes mass movements to protest British rule. Mao also mobilizes large movements that reach factory workers and peasants. Both leaders believe that rural communities are the key to creating a revolution in their country. Leaders Planning to reform them bringing up an age of modern citizens and Government.
Both leaders emphasize the importance of education, that education can slowly change someone into a politician. Both leaders were driven by a strong sense of nationalism and a desire to free their countries from foreign domination. Gandhi's focus was on achieving independence from British colonial rule, while Mao aimed to establish a socialist state free from imperialism.
Demo and capitalism in Cold War, export-led growth and import substitution
Americans democratize japan/japanese democratize Japan
do democracy & capitalism and liberalism go together
Japan & Export-led growth
Moving up the ladder of quality, from clothing to computers
what you need?
Political stability liberal democrats run post-war Japanese election after election
Infrastructure -massive state investment also social infrastructure is their market easy, Americans will buy stuff, for the Cold War reasons and others
raw materials and no longer a good reason to have an empire
MITI Ministry for International Trade n Industry
managed capitalism, great for Japan inc, less so for Japanese people
living in small apartments - the life of the salaryman - and his wife
discouraging consumption
technology is good - you should have a phone that is also a camera for online games korea and Lost Boys
Myth of Wa
death from overwork (karoshi) and the fruits of export-led growth
Taiwan, Korea, and leading Asia (again)
do democracy and capitalism go together? Tiwam, S. Korea, hong kong and Singapore
calls for democracy, real but limited effect on daily life
Americans and indifference to election
Kwangju Uprising Korea 1980
People of Taiwan and S. Korea demand and Get democracy
As japan does stuff so Asian countries follow. After 1945 Japan was democratized by N. America
post Asia is dealing w the great powers
Democratizing by Japan is done by Japan itself. Women voting in 1946, Lots of Japanese men are married to women. Men support see press, the right to vote, and other liberal acts.
Democracy is something like the free press. No, but they go together. A lot of liberalized stuff go together w democracy
Initially, Americans wrote the Japanese constitution: we wrote that Japan would not engage in war, navy, and army. Once again America democratizes Japan but in a way that Japan likes it.
Japan wants to make money!
Japan is at war for two decades, they need money so…. export-led growth is quit wasting money on the military but based on the idea you are taking advantage of being a poor country. they’re more focused on building citizens’ stuff. Japan has a lot of cheap labor.
everyone copies export-led-growth only works for a certain time.
Does the country get richer? do the people receive freedom?
yes, but until the next wave of export-led-growth is dictatorship
people began to advocate for democracy
Women want a free press, and a modern man. as we begin this export-led growth we receive this modern idea
of dictatorship, leads to protest such as student-led protest. Goverment responds to this, gov. kills civilians. South Korea riots, if we want democracy we cannot wait for America but to get it ourselves.
Young educated people believe in the modern ideas.
The entire Sony company after ww2 is 4 people. They make tape recorders and radios AM. Walkman, tv, and sony have caught up or even passed Americans. To do this u need political stability, infrastructure, and you need markets (someone gotta buy your stuff).
Americans buy their stuff why?
cold war
cheap stuff, but what happens cold war ends? (we still buy)
raw materials (oil, cotton, & plant based.)
Laissez-faire - the belief that the government should stay out of business regulation.
Japan wants to encourage Japan export-led growth. Japan is trying to get out of the cheap-stuff business. You want to push the economy where you want to go. the purpose is production over consumption.
We want Japanese people to live in small apartments, “Government investment in public housing n private investment of savings” Due to limited land and high taxes for houses, Japanese apartments are preferred over traditional homes to encourage them to save.
Japanese people live to produce meanwhile Americans live to consume.
Japanese work culture, Japanese work n work. Boss leaves at 9pm, you stay until 9pm.
-salaryman
you cannot make a wealthy Japan without breaking a few eggs!
our country is turning into a massive shit hole
where rich people can afford bottled water or dumping mercury in the bay so all the fish can float up to eat.
modern day china - highways, huge amount of stuff gets torn down bc export-led-growth.
building new fancy buildings replacing the cheap buildings. Everything we own is getting destroyed n being rebuilt by the rich.
people hate export-led-growth bc its not being shared equally.
people began to recycle plastic to get money.
middle-class houses
Rich people houses
led to resentment
Nero does not like dahil (used to be called the untouchable)
the couple converts to Buddhism to reach nirvana. A way to work around the cast system
Political power must be spread out to the country.
Indian from Mahatma to The Nehru Dynasty
Paritio and political problems - not a problem in japan but all over asia
Dealing w Gandhi’s legacy, economic and political - is peace and Swadeshi answers
Nehru, The last englishamn to rule india- an elite runs political and economical system
Who founded the indian airline - JDR Tata. Tata coorpation has control most of the steel mills, why do to more? We are doing to help India and to make a profit
schedule Castes system.
TATA corps involves inself in airlines, steel, electricity, and very big in hospitality (tourist). The Tata corp is the center of the India economy. Also apart of the government, Tata institute of Fundamental Research. For modern economy,
The 5 year plan - guarantees rice & wheat for the poor, who encourages the green revolution. To farm.
The basic idea: we always had fertilizer, seeds, and pesticides. Now what if we just used our best materials? We would have ton of harvest.
Pesticides aren’t good but cheap, pesticides consumption goes up (1960 to 2020)
The 5 year plan - healthcare gets ignored for the poor
one of the most disadvantages of India's economy - is that production becomes difficult, we need to import (we need to keep out foreign goods). India does not want Coca-Cola (Its a American drink, we do not want foreign ideas). They replace it with campa cola. Steel is also hard to import, once again we want our version.
whos running India? The Tata family, Gandhi family,
Government protection - protects an Indian2 company, but what about the others?
keeping out foreign goods is an economic problem, by finding ways to make it cheap & there’s a corruption for example the British licensed Raja like a bride. Corruption spread through India.
It pisses people off that Rich people can pay off brides.
Eventually, Nerhu dies, next prime minister is Nerhu Gandhi, their family runs India for a period.
Nehru Gandhi family was assassinated and corrupt.
The father does close w the gov, democrat, and politics, and gets elected. Nerhudia has more direct control of the economy. Father always work w the banks but Nerudhia creates national bank which pisses off others.
Democracy & economic growth goes together yes. Nerhudia believes differently, that the system is corrupt. She begins a program of forced sterilization & authorization.
A Seek (bodyguard) assassinated Nerhudia.
economical growth for Korea through the 1950s around 1995
Huge computer scientists are from India. Nerhudia's son (Rajiv Gandhi) takes over and the export-led-growth economy begins. does it face the same problem that other export-led-growth economies (pollution)
The son is assassinated by a seek once again. We noticed that Nerhudia is apart from democracy and hurting women.
The American corp. builds a Bandung
4-22-24
Barefoot doctors - Maoism is based on mass enthusiasm.
People like the mao military, model based on soviet union
everything about your life is determined by a work unit. there all sorts of ways to control citizens in the work unit.
Period were Chinese people involved themselves in political campaigns.
Mass enthusiasm, China is getting worse.
Mass enthusiasm - Mao says I am calling the people for help, to extrimate the rats. Please kill one rat but the people would kill two to receive praise form their leader
Political campaigns
Political disaster & Social political disaster
solving to our problems with mass enthusiasm (mass enthusiasm, but what if you try hard?)
Great leap forward
in cultural revolution
everyone needs to practice in this political campaign.
wheat & steal
A plan economy, is where the government chooses what is important.
getting judged by political on how much grains you produce. (if you own pigs, kill the pigs. If you have grapes, cut it down)
People are also being judged on how much steel is being produced.
people have begun to melt their down belongings
people began to compare themselves to their neighbors. (If we don’t produce much as slippery rock)
Why gov likes famine because it gets rid of the weak. Mass enthusiasm is good but cant do everything. why did the chairman say that mass enthusiasm did not work?
how do we solve it with more mass enthusiasm?
Mao says stop going to school, that young people need to disobey their parent’s & institutions
Red Guard group - needs to bombard the government. To destroy schools
you need to attack the schools & disown your parents (why for revolutionary experience)
throw your teachers out of the window. (mass action through society).
tear apart old institutions of society. Mao is doing all of this it create a new China
For a whole decade there is no schools - a disastrous effect on future generations
of people to certain places in china that doesn’t participate in Maoism. Theres nostalgia because there’s no rules and we did everything together. people like not going to classes
students shown getting reeducation in the countryside
old people think mao is crazy. eventually cultural revolution ends, bc mao dies.
A disaster in china, 1971 mao dies. Many cried (really?). His death delegitimatizes, Maoism. Maoism doesn't work, it does drive out foreigners.
Export-led-growth
do we have poor people?
do we have the infrastructure? (would people buy communist Chinese goods)
do we have a political structure?
Some chinese want to work w Americans.
responsible system ( a planned economy maybe? others are doing it). We are not breaking up communal farms yet. Do shall-pin said get a land, grow whatever you want and sell whatever you want. Now under the responsible system people have begun to produce way more food.
improving the lives of consumers. \
right hand man - Dao Sha Ping leads china
special economic zones - disciplined workforce. People are setting up shops in China; the cheap labor/factories.
barracks - workers are kept in the company’s housing.
The period of corruption & one-child policy.
corruption: people are using private authorization for their public good (cheating the system)
Mass corruption in China as it reforms
people can jump in the sea (no more working for steal mills but the fried chicken place)
people marry each other so someone can stay in the workforce while the other is at a business company.
people become rich by cheating like having connections to the government.
China's way of getting rich is to work hard; not anymore. This is new economy is providing freedom that’s awesome but scary at the same time.
This causes a lot of resentment. Solution? democracy could be fixed with.
meaning of democracy - the right to vote for your elected president.
No more work unit/ and living there forever. Now you go to the big city to get poor n die. \
amazing new freedom: getting pregnant secretly, marrying, press, and etc.
before cultural revo - The government controls the press after the Cultural Revo. Responsible system - freedom of the press
Problems with Export-led-growth?
ask him what the final going to be on about
Indonesia & other party states
non-communist but almost everything goes through state/party
majority Mulsim. There’s a problme theres a tiny family that are elites
The javanese odminate everything
New liberation countries invest in education
foreign export is oil. - Expol Mobil & British partlium
large amount of corruption
covo; servants in 1930 to 807,000 in 1960
Islamic parties -
An international institution that draws everyone into The army
people may bicker
Achmed Sukarno - a political-cultural leader
What is a cultural personality?
someone who leads against the oppressors. an idol, someone we look up to
every enthic indoneasia likes shadow puppets - could you build a national identity on cultural
fake ideology to go along w the cultural. Legendary bird that comes down.
Localized terms - set of morals & to unify Indonesia
belief in the one and only God
The unity of Indonesia
democracy - guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives
social justice
how we know the will of the people - from voting (a democratic country, but doesn’t work)
“elections just put corrupt politicians” - politicians or military leaders. The political culture where democracy is everything.
democracy doesn’t solve political dysfunction. Eventually, Sukarno switches to guided democracy where the focus isn’t much on voting
Sukarno dislikes the one political party, conformation
no one likes the British (sawawak), we are fighting people who suck up to the british. A way to unify Indonesia.
Internal issues - 1960s Sukarno gets pushed out by a military coupe, purging all nations of bad groups (communist & Chinese). A para-military group (NOT the military)
why is Chinese bad? bc you might owe money to them & they re dedicated to another country's. Purge the nation
realization that killing others is horrible. Pride & Nagostial, towards killing Chinese. Society will never forget brutal acts of violence. Its a big mistake, apologize to people who were affected by this.
Suharto being compared to George Washington
could you be remembered for purging the nation??
Mother & Son led export-led-growth (we should be doing what India & Japan does)
we have a lot of poor people we can get rich by producing computer parts & toys
problems: being left behind, pollution & unfair distribution
both gets assisted
1992 a mob of Hindu radicals destroyed the Musak, and rebuilt a new temple for Hindu gods (bc the new temple was built upon the old Hindu temple)
Hindu politicians - all of our problems were caused by corrupt governments.
We need to make Indonesia great again by making it hindu (we need a true Hindu democracy)
pushes that democracy is a dying trend - said by Narenda Modi
honor killing - done by family or friends (aimed at people who is against our form of Hinduism) Very unhappy to farms moving to a new factory (cannot butcher cows)
Indian people should live in villages a (don’t sell your farms)
It has effects on movie & farm industry.
you cannot show an hero of nation losing or doubting (whats acceptable before or after)
What does modi think about this? - he thinks Hindus are in the right (they’re the majority) and is planning to purge the nation of bad \
modi is the prime minister of India
Chinese vs. Indonesia
The Himalayas Mountains (who owns it? Its useless but you must go up against the bigger country (china))
the Diaoyutai islands, now a site of conformation. Both the chinese & Japanese navys. people are trying to capture islands. No chinese owns this country nope the idoneasia. The arm isn’t isgoing to launch an attack themselves but the people will.
Constant fighting over useless islands & mountains.
Raji Gandhi d. 1991 and those left behind by globalzation