The Earth is made up of crust, mantle, outer core and the inner core. The more deeper you go into the Earth the more hotter the temperatures are. The
Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and landforms
Faults: A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Their are three types of faults: Normal fault, Reverse fault, Strike slip fault.
Definition of Waves: A disturbance or variation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium and that may take the form of an elastic deformation or of a variation of pressure, electric or magnetic intensity, electric potential, or temperature.
Waves are categorized in two differ
ent groups
Mechanic or Electromagnetic
Mechanical Waves:the energy is transferred by vibrations of medium (medium = matter)
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They are split in two types of wave forms which are Transverse and Longitudinal
Transverse: The motion in which all points on a wave oscillate along paths at right angles to the direction of the wave's advance.
Longitudinal: a type of wave in which the medium's vibration is parallel to the direction of the wave, and the medium's displacment is in the same direction as that of the wave movement. Such as sound waves vibrating surface in contact with air.
LIGHT:
Light is a type of energy. Unlike sound, light can travel through space even where there is no matter.
Reflection of Light:
Light always travels through air at the same speed and in a straight line. When light hits an object, some of it bounces or reflects off the surface. The type of surface determines how the light reflects:
Uneven or rough surfaces reflect light rays in different directions. This scattering of light is called diffuse reflection.
In contrast, smooth, shiny surfaces reflect light rays in a regular pattern. This allows us to see a clear image reflected back at us and is called regular reflection. Mirrors are a great example of this.
Law of reflection
The way a light ray reflects off a surface follows a simple pattern. The incoming ray is called the incident ray. To work out the direction of the reflected ray, we can think of a line at right angles to the surface. This line is called the normal. As shown in the diagram below:
The angle between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence.
The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection.
Refraction
Definition:
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different optical density (e.g., air to water).
Cause of Refraction:
Light changes speed when moving between materials with different refractive indices, causing it to change direction.
Key Terms:
Incident ray: The incoming light ray hitting the surface.
Refracted ray: The bent ray that passes through the second medium.
Normal: An imaginary line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.
Angle of Incidence (i): Angle between the incident ray and the normal.
Angle of Refraction (r): Angle between the refracted ray and the normal.
Ecosystems are made up of Biotic factors as well as Abiotic factors,
Biotic factor: A biotic factor is a living organism that shapes its environment.
Abiotic factor: An Abiotic factor is a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment. For example, sunlight, water, air, precipitation, altitude, and even temperature.
Food chains, food webs, and food pyramids:
Food chain: A food chain is a group of organisms that are consumed in a linear order, passing nutrients and energy along the way. Food chains show the flow of energy from plant to animal and from animal to animal.
Food web: A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains. Each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem.
Food pyramid: A food pyramid is an ecological hierarchy of food relationships in which a chief predator is at the top, each level preys on the next lower level, and usually green plants are at the bottom.
In a food pyramid it exhibits the loss of energy from one trophic level to another. In a food pyramid 90 percent of energy is lost from one trophic level to another and also as the trophic level increases the number of organisms supported by the ecosystem decreases.
Carnivores: A carnivore is an animal that feeds on only meat.
Omnivores: An omnivore is an animal that feeds on both plants and meat.
Significant definitions to do with food chains, food webs, and food pyramids:
Producers: A producer in an ecosystem is an organism that cant produce their own food (for nutrients) using the chemicals from the sun (photosynthesis), like grass and different plants.
Consumers: A consumer in an ecosystem is an organism that relies on the producers to get nutrients. They consumer other organisms for energy.
Decomposers: A decomposer in an ecosystem is any organism that breaks down or eats decaying material for its energy source. Decomposers are important within the environment because they breaking down the bodies of dead animals or plants, and recycling those materials back into the Earth.
Herbivores: A herbivore is an animal that feeds on only plants.
Biomes:
Biomes: A biome is a large geographical region chaecterized by a specific set of environmental conditions, such as climate, soil type, topography and vegetation. The seven main biomes in the world include:
Tundra, coniferous forest, temperate forest, rainforest, grassland, shrubland, and desert.
Energy flow and transfer:
Energy flow is the transfer of energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem. Every organism interacts with its ecosystem in two ways which are:
The organism obtains food and energy from the ecosystem
The organism contributes energy to the ecosystem
Scientists utilises three models to illustrate the energy flow in an ecosystem which are, Food chains, Food webs, and even food pyramids. In photosynthesis light energy from the sun is turned into chemical energy known as carbohydrates.