Unit 7B USH

Term 1: Elkins Act
Definition 1: Federal law amending the Interstate Commerce Act that allowed the ICC to fine railroads and shippers for offering or accepting rebates.
Term 2: Hepburn Act
Definition 2: Law that strengthened the ICC by allowing it to set maximum railroad rates and regulate express companies, sleeping cars, and oil pipelines.
Term 3: Conservation
Definition 3: Progressive-era movement to protect and efficiently manage natural resources, strongly associated with Theodore Roosevelt.
Term 4: 16th Amendment
Definition 4: Constitutional amendment (1913) that allowed the federal government to collect an income tax.
Term 5: Eugene V. Debs
Definition 5: Socialist leader, labor activist, founding member of the IWW, and five-time Socialist Party presidential candidate.
Term 6: Federal Reserve Act
Definition 6: 1913 law that created the Federal Reserve System, the U.S. central banking system.
Term 7: Clayton Antitrust Act
Definition 7: 1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by banning anticompetitive practices and protecting labor unions.
Term 8: NAACP
Definition 8: Civil rights organization founded in 1909 to promote equality and eliminate racial discrimination.
Term 9: National Association for Women’s Suffrage
Definition 9: Women’s rights organization founded in 1890 that played a key role in securing the 19th Amendment.
Term 10: 19th Amendment
Definition 10: Constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 granting women the right to vote.
Term 11: Lusitania
Definition 11: British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing Americans and increasing U.S. support for entering World War I.
Term 12: Zimmerman Telegram
Definition 12: 1917 German message proposing an alliance with Mexico against the U.S.; its interception pushed the U.S. into World War I.
Term 13: Bolshevik Revolution
Definition 13: 1917 Russian revolution led by Vladimir Lenin that established a communist government and later the Soviet Union.
Term 14: Fourteen Points
Definition 14: Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 plan outlining principles for peace after World War I, including self-determination and a League of Nations.
Term 15: League of Nations
Definition 15: International organization created after WWI to maintain peace; the United States never joined.
Term 16: Food Administration
Definition 16: WWI agency created in 1917 to manage food production and distribution to support the war effort.
Term 17: National War Labor Board
Definition 17: WWI agency formed in 1918 to prevent labor strikes and ensure industrial production during the war.
Term 18: Committee on Public Information
Definition 18: Government propaganda agency (1917) that promoted public support for World War I, also called the Creel Committee.
Term 19: Espionage and Sedition Acts
Definition 19: Laws passed in 1917–1918 that limited free speech by banning criticism of the government or war effort.
Term 20: Schenck v. United States
Definition 20: Supreme Court case that upheld limits on free speech during wartime and established the “clear and present danger” test.
Term 21: Selective Service Act
Definition 21: 1917 law that established the military draft for men ages 21–30.
Term 22: Great Migration
Definition 22: Movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to northern and western cities starting in 1916.
Term 23: Red Scare
Definition 23: Period of intense fear of communism and anarchism, especially from 1919–1920.
Term 24: Palmer Raids
Definition 24: Government raids (1919–1920) targeting suspected radicals during the First Red Scare.
Term 25: Race Riots
Definition 25: Violent outbreaks caused by racial tension; many occurred during the Red Summer.