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Frontiers of Capitalism

Introduction

  • The text opens with a poetic lament for the environmental degradation in South Kalimantan, emphasizing themes of loss and neglect.
  • Strong imagery of the land expressing despair for the destruction of its natural beauty and resources.
  • Reference to the quote from Victor Roesdian's "The Forests of South Kalimantan".

Proliferation and Capitalism

  • The term "proliferation" is defined as:
    • 1. Pathology: The formation or development of cells by budding or division.
    • 2. Enlargement or extension; particularly in the context of nuclear weapons.
  • Discussion of the similarities between cancer and nuclear weapons in their uncontrollable proliferation.
  • Proliferation as a principle of capitalist expansion at frontiers:
    • Frontiers are defined as edges where extraction occurs, historically linked to European conquests.
    • Concept of "savage accumulation" where extractive activities flourish due to deregulation in interstitial spaces.
  • The roles of various actors at frontiers: armies, bandits, corporations, builders, and despoilers create a confusion of legality and morality.

Historical Context and Resource Frontiers

  • Emergence of Resource Frontiers: Late 20th century shifts led to new resource frontiers due to Cold War militarization and corporate transnationalism.
  • The relationship between local ecologies and livelihood being disrupted:
    • New corporate opportunities arose from disengaging nature from its local contexts, leading to exploitation instead of sustainable practices.
  • These developments are seen in South Kalimantan’s transformation in the 1990s, where local systems of access are replaced by capitalist gains.
  • The chapter seeks to evoke a sensory response to the rawness of the frontier, challenging the normalization of resource exploitation.

Taufiq Ismail and Poetry

  • Reference to Taufiq Ismail’s 1971 poem, a beacon of resistance against foreign exploitation and corruption.
  • The chapter aims to reflect Ismail's goals through its narrative structure.

Structure of the Chapter

  • The chapter consists of:
    • Part One: Creation of the frontier and resources based on ethnographic observations from the mid-1990s.
    • Part Two: Post-1997 crisis developments and chaotic expansion of frontiers.

Making and Unmaking Resources at Frontiers

  • Definition of a Frontier:
    • An incomplete or unmapped area, filled with potential yet lacking regulation. Described as a landscape that embodies both material and imaginative wildness.
    • Landscapes as active participants in resource creation, shifting in response to human and nonhuman interactions.
  • Focus on the Meratus Dayaks, whose traditional livelihoods have been disrupted by resource extraction practices that have sensationalized the land.
  • Discussion of the impact of privatization on the economy, shifting power dynamics in the region during the 1990s, and the rise of logging, mining, and palm oil plantations.

Abandoned Logging Roads

  • Abandoned roads serve as symbols of destruction and desolation.
  • Description of the physical landscape resulting from prior exploitation: erosion, invasive species, and human negligence.
  • Questions posed about how nature becomes commodified and how environments reach upon a state of resource availability to external exploiters.
  • The contrasting dynamics of monoculture plantations versus the chaotic existence of wild loggers and miners.

Historical Frames of the Frontier

  • The text delves into how historical models shape the understanding of current frontiers:
    • Reflections on previous explorations, such as the American frontier experience, the Latin American savage tropes, and others, linking them to contemporary Indonesian frontiers.
  • The concept of the