BIOCHEMISTRY

In terms of carbon atoms, trioses are the smallest monosaccharides that can exist. There are two such compounds, one an aldose (glyceraldehyde) and the other a ketose (dihydroxyacetone).

Of the many monosaccharides, six that are particularly important in the functioning of the human body are the trioses d-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone and the d forms of glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose. Glucose and galactose are aldohexoses, fructose is a ketohexose, and ribose is an aldopentose. All six of these monosaccharides are water-soluble, white, crystalline solids

bacteria that cause tooth decay cannot use polyalcohols as food

sources, as they can glucose and many other monosaccharides.

The a form of lactose is sweeter to the taste and more soluble in water than the b form. The b form can be found in ice cream that has been stored for a long time; it crystallizes and gives the ice cream a gritty texture.

The focus on relevancy feature Chemical Connections 18-B—Changing Sugar Patterns: Decreased Sucrose, Increased Fructose—discusses the increasing trend of using fructose instead of sucrose as a sweetener in beverages and processed foods.

A transfusion of the wrong blood type can cause the blood cells to form clumps, a potentially fatal reaction. People with type O blood are universal donors, and those with type AB blood are universal recipients

Structurally, chitin is identical to cellulose, except the monosaccharide present

is the glucose derivative N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) rather than d-glucose itself.

1. Energy-storage lipids (triacylglycerols)

2. Membrane lipids (phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol)

3. Emulsification lipids (bile acids)

4. Messenger lipids (steroid hormones and eicosanoids)

5. Protective-coating lipids (biological waxes)

omega- methyl end

delta- carboxylic end

Saponifiable lipids always contain at least one of these three types of linkages.

The linkage “makeup” for the five kinds of saponifiable lipids is as follows:

1.Triacylglycerols—three ester linkages

2. Glycerophospholipids—four ester linkages

3. Sphingophospholipids—one amide and two ester linkages

4. Sphingoglycolipids—one amide, one ester, and one glycosidic linkage

5. Biological waxes—one ester linkage

Protein

Polar Acidic - Apartic and Glutamic Acid

Polar Base - Hystidine, Arginine, Lysine

Polar Neutral - Cysteine, Glutamine, Asparagine, Tyrosine, Threonine, Serine

Non Polar - Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Methionine, Tryptohan

Structure of Proteins

Primary - ordered amino acids linked together — attachment

Secondary - arrangement in space by the backbone portion of protein ( a helix and b pleated sheet

Tertiary - 3 dimensional that results from interactions between aa side chains

Quarternary - organization among the various peptide subunits in a multimeric protein

Catalytic — enzymes

Defense — immunoglobulin and antibodies

Transport — hemoglobin, transferrin, lipoprotein

Messenger — insulin, glucagon, and human growth hormone

Contractile — actin, myosin, flagella

Structural — collagen, a keratin

Transmembrane — protein channels

Storage — ferritin, myoglobin

Regulatory — insulin, molecules that binds with enzymes

Nutrients — casein, ovalbumin

Buffer — (acid-base balance) hemoglobin, transmembrane proteins

Fluid-balance — albumin and globulin

Oxidized

FAD

NAD+

Reduced

FADH2

NADH

Coenzyme A - COA-SH (Vit B deriative)

Acetyl Coa

4 stages of biochemical catabolism and energy production

Digestion

Acetyl Coa

Citric Acid

Electron Transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation

(Happens in mitochondria)

Phosphorylation is a biochemical process where a phosphate group is added to a molecule

Kinase an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.

FMN is stronger oxidzibg agent than NAD

subtrates - is the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction (acts)

lyases catalyzes the addition of froup to double bond or removal of a group ro form a double bonds with hydrolysis or oxidation

ligase catalyzes the bonding together of 2 molecules into one with participation of ATP

Allosteric site - another site and distorts active site

Zygmogens - inactive form, pro enzyme, and are “are turned” at the appropriate time and place

sulfa drugs - competitive inhibitor that is responsible for converting PABA to Folic Acid

cytochrome - hemeprotein