EGC 403 Guidance and Counselling — Comprehensive Exam Notes (Summary of Transcript)

SECTION A

Isaken and Mink (1963) on guidance services: factors to consider in guiding students include:
- A) the need of each student
- B) unique features of each school
- C) understanding of the client's immediate surrounding
- D) uniqueness of the counsellor
  Answer: D) uniqueness of the counsellor (This is NOT a factor; the question implies selecting the exception.)
What is the main difference between guidance and counselling?
Answer: Guidance embraces a number of services, while counselling is one of those services.
What are the ethical codes in counselling (key responsibilities)?Answer:
- Do not infringe on the freedom/autonomy of the counsellee
- Avoid actions that destroy the counselling relationship
- Avoid coercing the client to do anything against his/her will
Which approach is appropriate for guidance for a group of women in their late forties facing menopause?
Answer: Developmental approach (life-cycle development/transition in adulthood).
When should a school counsellor make an external referral for a student?
Answer: When the student is experiencing a personal crisis beyond the school counsellor’s expertise. (Academic help or admission questions are typically handled within the school context.)
What is the primary purpose of an appraisal service?
- A) provide academic support
- B) identify behavioral issues
- C) evaluate student progress and development
- D) assign students to classes
  Answer: C) evaluate student progress and development.
What do appraisal techniques include?
- Interviewing
- Testing
- Observation
  Answer: All of the above.
What does orientation service aim at?
- A) providing academic support
- B) familiarizing students with the school environment
- C) assessing student abilities
- D) offering career guidance
  Answer: B) familiarizing students with the school environment.
What is a common activity of an orientation programme?
- A) Campus tour and introduction to key personnel
- B) Academic assessment
- C) Parent-teacher interviews
- D) Individual counselling sessions
  Answer: A) Campus tour and introduction to key personnel.
Tests are used for several purposes; which is NOT a typical test use?
- A) classification
- B) evaluation
- C) interviewing
- D) prediction
  Answer: C) interviewing (tests are often for classification, evaluation, and prediction).
A brilliant but needy JHS student seeking funding would most benefit from which guidance service?
- A) Appraisal
- B) Counselling
- C) Information
- D) Placement
  Answer: C) Information (to access funding sources and opportunities).
Which guidance service uses conference as a major means of providing the service in school?
- A) Information service
- B) Counselling service
- C) Placement service
- D) Appraisal service
  Answer: B) Counselling service.
Which guidance service entails assigning a student to the class of his/her ability?
- A) Information
- B) Orientation
- C) Counselling
- D) Placement
  Answer: D) Placement.
Kaus was asked to repeat his class due to poor performance. What type of guidance service has been provided?
- A) Information
- B) Orientation
- C) Placement
- D) Appraisal
  Answer: C) Placement.
Which of the following is an example of occupational information?
- A) School prospectus
- B) Career conference
- C) Test results
- D) Counselling interview
  Answer: B) Career conference.
The guidance service also known as distributive service is:
- A) Appraisal
- B) Information
- C) Placement
- D) Orientation
  Answer: B) Information.
When does summative evaluation in counselling occur?
- A) after completion of counselling programmes and interventions
- B) during counselling sessions
- C) at the beginning of counselling
- D) before designing the programme
  Answer: A) after completion of counselling programmes and interventions.
The information service is found under three major areas in guidance. These are:
- A) Academic, social, and emotional issues
- B) Mental health, career, and personal issues
- C) Group, individual, and family issues
- D) Occupational, educational and personal social issues
  Answer: D) Occupational, educational and personal social issues.
What is the main purpose of reflecting in counselling?
- A) to give advice
- B) to ask questions
- C) to summarize feelings
- D) to uncover overlooked issues
  Answer: D) uncover overlooked issues.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective helpers?
- A) are empathetic
- B) are indifferent to clients' feelings
- C) are genuine
- D) are respectful
  Answer: B) are indifferent to clients' feelings.
Which non-verbal skill conveys warmth and liking towards clients?
- A) Fidgeting
- B) Good eye contact
- C) Crossing arms
- D) Slouching
  Answer: B) Good eye contact.
Closed-ended questions are generally appropriate when one wants to:
- A) encourage elaboration
- B) explore emotions
- C) gather specific or factual information
- D) build rapport
  Answer: C) gather specific or factual information.
Involuntary clients in counselling are:
- A) referred by someone else
- B) seeking help voluntarily
- C) paying for services
- D) self-motivated
  Answer: A) referred by someone else.
How does reflective listening differ from active listening?
- A) Reflective listening focuses on problem-solving.
- B) Reflective listening involves asking direct questions.
- C) Reflective listening focuses on mirroring the client’s emotions and content.
- D) Reflective listening is a passive process.
  Answer: C) Reflective listening focuses on mirroring the client’s emotions and content.
Silent listening is valuable because it:
- A) helps the counsellor to dominate the session
- B) puts pressure on the client to speak
- C) gives the client space to reflect and share
- D) signals disinterest from the counsellor
  Answer: C) gives the client space to reflect and share.
What is the primary purpose of follow-up services in guidance and counselling?
- A) to collect payments
- B) monitor progress and provide support
- C) to terminate sessions
- D) to offer new programs
  Answer: B) monitor progress and provide support.
Follow-up services are essential in:
- A) ensuring ongoing growth and well-being
- B) evaluating the effectiveness of interventions
- C) providing additional support as needed
- D) all of the above
  Answer: D) all of the above (ensuring growth, evaluating effectiveness, providing additional support).
What is the goal of follow-up services?
- A) to shorten the counselling process
- B) to identify new problems
- C) promote long-term growth and development
- D) to provide immediate solutions
  Answer: C) promote long-term growth and development.
What is the key factor in determining the frequency of follow-up services?
- A) counsellor availability
- B) client needs
- C) administrative policies
- D) initial session length
  Answer: B) client needs.
Follow-up services are important in:
- A) building trust with clients
- B) establishing a professional relationship
- C) maintaining progress after initial support
- D) all of the above
  Answer: D) all of the above (building trust, establishing a professional relationship, maintaining progress).
**An activity embarked on by counsellors to acquaint themselves with the progress of students who are being offered or have been offered guidance and counselling is known as the **** service.**
- A) appraisal
- B) information
- C) consultation
- D) placement
  Answer: C) consultation.
The information that comprises all valid and up-to-date reliable facts about jobs/occupations for career planning is termed:
- A) educational information
- B) personal information
- C) occupational information
- D) social information
  Answer: C) occupational information.
After a lesson, a teacher visiting a learner’s home to find out how the learner is doing describes the guidance service of:
- A) information
- B) Consultation
- C) orientation
- D) placement
  Answer: B) Consultation.
Shertzer and Stone (1976) view guidance as the process of helping an individual … which is NOT correct:
- A) A single episodic event
- B) a continuous process
- C) self-understanding
- D) decision-making
  Answer: A) A single episodic event.
A headmaster requiring programmes to focus only on intellectual development violates which principle?
- A) Guidance is voluntary
- B) Guidance is for all students
- C) Guidance is concerned with the personal development of the individual
- D) Guidance is a continuous process
  Answer: C) Guidance is concerned with the personal development of the individual.
What is the main focus of Client-Centred Therapy (Carl Rogers)?
- A) unconscious conflicts
- B) the client’s immediate situation and subjective experiences
- C) past traumas
- D) behavioral patterns
  Answer: B) the client’s immediate situation and subjective experiences.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the client-counsellor relationship in Client-Centred Therapy?
- A) Diagnostic probing
- B) Empathy
- C) Genuineness
- D) Unconditional positive regard
  Answer: A) Diagnostic probing.
Carl Rogers’ view of human nature is that humans are:
- A) inherently flawed
- B) basically good and trustworthy
- C) products of their environment
- D) driven by unconscious desires
  Answer: B) basically good and trustworthy.
What is a major emphasis of Client-Centred Therapy?
- A) Analyzing dreams
- B) Confronting irrational beliefs
- C) Prescribing specific actions
- D) Focus on the client’s current feelings and emotions
  Answer: D) Focus on the client’s current feelings and emotions.
In Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), the ‘B’ in A-B-C stands for:
- A) Behaviors
- B) Consequences
- C) Beliefs
- D) Antecedents
  Answer: C) Beliefs.
Which is considered an irrational thought according to Albert Ellis?
- A) I would prefer to do well, but if I don't, it's not the end of the world.
- B) It is catastrophic if things do not go my way.
- C) I can enjoy life even if others disapprove of me.
- D) I make mistakes sometimes, and that's okay.
  Answer: B) It is catastrophic if things do not go my way.
RET places the least emphasis on:
- A) thoughts
- B) behaviors
- C) emotions and feelings
- D) challenging beliefs
  Answer: C) emotions and feelings.
What is the role of RET counsellors?
- A) actively direct and challenge the client’s irrational thoughts
- B) passively listen to the client
- C) interpret unconscious conflicts
- D) provide unconditional positive regard
  Answer: A) actively direct and challenge the client’s irrational thoughts.
According to the Decision-Making Theory, what is the first step in the decision-making process?
- A) Evaluate alternatives
- B) Generate solutions
- C) Identify the problem
- D) Implement the decision
  Answer: C) Identify the problem.

SECTION B

Follow-up services are only necessary for clients who have completed counselling.
Answer: False.
The primary goal of follow-up services is to evaluate the effectiveness of counselling.
Answer: False.
Evaluation helps the counsellor to take better decisions.
Answer: True.
Evaluation of the guidance programme is only carried out at the end of the school year.
Answer: False.
School counsellors are the only people who can initiate referrals.
Answer: False.
Referral services always involve sending students to outside agencies or professionals for help.
Answer: False.
Appraisal service aims at supporting students’ growth and development and not simply labelling or categorizing them.
Answer: True.
Silent is an ineffective technique in counselling because it limits interaction.
Answer: False.
Open-ended questions are less effective than closed-ended questions in counselling sessions.
Answer: False.
Clarification in counselling is used to summarize the main points of the client’s story.
Answer: False.
According to Muro (1970), soliciting the support of parents/guardians is to expose them to the awareness that no guidance programme exists in the school.
Answer: False.
A school guidance coordinator should establish and encourage a school guidance committee to serve as an advisory and policy-recommending body.
Answer: True.
The Guidance Coordinator provides educational, personal-social and career/vocational information services for all students.
Answer: True.
To involve every staff member in the school Guidance programme, only a small competent committee should be entrusted with different aspects of the programme.
Answer: False.

SECTION C

List any two roles of parents in the school guidance programme.
- a. Provide home support for learning and development
- b. Participate in school guidance activities and communicate with the school
List any two stages involved in the organization of the school guidance programme.
- a. Planning
- b. Implementation (and follow-up/evaluation can be considered a subsequent phase)

SECTION D

Match the guidance skills (62–64) with their correct descriptions (A–E).

A. The ability to feel with the client rather than for the client, perceiving their world as if it were your own.
B. Being authentic and sincere in the helping relationship without pretense or phoniness.
C. Helping the client to specify issues, feelings, and goals more clearly and concretely.
D. Valuing clients as individuals including non-judgmental attitude and non-possessive caring.
E. Providing practical assistance or resources to clients.

Concreteness → C
Empathic understanding → A
Genuineness → B
Respect and acceptance → D

Notes on key acronyms and concepts:

Appraisal services: gather information to understand a student’s progress and development.
Information service: disseminates occupational, educational, and personal-social information; also called distributive service.
Orientation: helps students acclimate to school and begin forming academic/career goals.
Placement: assigning students to classes or tracks based on ability or readiness.
*