APUSH Period 7 Review 2

Page 1: Cultural and Political Movements in the 1920s

  • Rural Fundamentalists:

    • Condemned perceived degradation of morals in cities.

    • Believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible, seeing it as the ultimate truth.

    • Supported laws against teaching evolution in schools.

  • Creationism:

    • Belief that God created the universe in seven days.

  • Revivalists:

    • Movement gained traction through radio broadcasts.

    • Figures like Billy Sunday condemned drinking, gambling, and dancing.

    • Aimee Semple McPherson condemned communism and jazz music.

  • The Butler Act (1925):

    • Tennessee legislation that banned the teaching of evolution in public schools.

    • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sought to challenge this law as unconstitutional.

  • Scopes Monkey Trial (1925):

    • The case Tennessee vs. John Scopes, who was tried for teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution.

    • Clarence Darrow defended Scopes; William Jennings Bryan prosecuted.

    • The trial highlighted the conflict between fundamentalism and modernism.

    • Scopes was convicted but later overturned, symbolizing the triumph of modernism over fundamentalism.

  • William Jennings Bryan's Death:

    • Bryan died shortly after the trial, summing up the stakes of the cultural conflict.

  • Political Backdrop:

    • Teddy Roosevelt’s Progressive leadership declined, leading to a conservative Republican dominance.

    • Warren Harding’s presidency promoted a "Return to Normalcy" post-WWI, emphasizing limited government intervention.

    • Harding was a mixed bag, balancing distinguished politicians and notably corrupt ones in his cabinet.

Page 2: Domestic and Foreign Policy Under Harding

  • Domestic Policy:

    • Relied on a Republican Congress to pass laws, primarily lowering income tax and increasing tariffs through the Fordney-McCumber Act of 1927.

    • Established Bureau of Budget for government spending.

  • Foreign Policy:

    • Americans leaned toward isolationism post-WWI.

    • Increased tariffs on foreign goods to bolster U.S. businesses amidst the Red Scare.

  • Washington Conference (1921):

    • Aimed at limiting naval arms and addressing post-war tensions.

  • Teapot Dome Scandal:

    • Secretary Albert B. Fall accepted bribes for oil reserves, leading to corruption scandals in Harding's administration.

    • Harding died during his presidency, leaving his scandals largely uncovered.

Page 3: Calvin Coolidge's Presidency

  • Calvin Coolidge:

    • Sworn in after Harding's death, Coolidge believed in deferring power to Congress.

    • Known for his simple and direct leadership style.

    • Advocated a limited government approach, focusing primarily on budget management.

  • Economic Positioning:

    • Vetoed veteran bonuses and agricultural support bills.

Page 4: Economic Weaknesses Preceding the Great Depression

  • Agricultural Struggles:

    • Farmers faced overproduction and low prices leading to significant financial strain.

  • Labor Issues:

    • Many companies opposed unions, using Yellow-Dog Contracts to discourage union membership.

  • Hoover’s Early Policy:

    • Initially optimistic about economic future; did not foresee an impending crisis.

Page 5: Response to the Great Depression by Hoover

  • Hoover's Misjudgment:

    • Believed the market would self-correct.

    • Established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for emergency bank loans, though with limited impact.

  • Bonus Army Protests:

    • Veterans campaigned in DC for their bonuses, leading to conflict with Hoover and military intervention.

Page 6: Foreign Policies and Challenges

  • Japan's Expansion:

    • Japan invaded Manchuria, prompting U.S. diplomatic responses that lacked enforcement.

  • Stimson Doctrine:

    • U.S. refused to acknowledge territorial gains made by Japan, but employed no military actions.

Page 7: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal

  • FDR's Initiatives:

    • Proposed comprehensive programs to revive the economy, relieve human suffering, and reform agriculture.

    • Formed a group called the "Brain Trust" to devise strategies.

  • Emergency Banking Relief Act:

    • Strengthened banks to restore public confidence.

Page 8: Infrastructure and Economic Recovery Programs

  • First New Deal:

    • Passed numerous pieces of legislation to reshape government’s role in American life.

    • Programs included Civilian Conservation Corps and Federal Emergency Relief Administration ensuring job provision and aid.

Page 9: Major Societal Changes and Legislation in 1935

  • Second New Deal:

    • Drastically expanded programs like the Social Security Act and Wagner Act to protect labor rights.

    • Introduced progressive taxation on the wealthy to fund relief efforts.

Page 10: Opposition and Criticism of the New Deal

  • Critique:

    • Conservative pushback argued the New Deal empowered the federal government excessively.

    • Supreme Court challenged and deemed key components like NIRA unconstitutional.

Page 11: The Path to WWII

  • US Isolationism:

    • Initially avoided involvement in the growing European conflicts post-WWI.

  • Neutrality Acts:

    • Established by Congress to limit U.S. engagement in foreign wars.

Page 12: Preparing for War Engagement

  • Lend-Lease Policy:

    • Shifted U.S. from isolationism, supporting allies while remaining neutral until provoked.

Page 13: Pearl Harbor Attack and U.S. Entry into WWII

  • Pearl Harbor:

    • Surprise attack by Japan pushed the U.S. to declare war, marking a shift in American sentiments toward military engagement.

Page 14: Impact on Society and Military Structure

  • Shifts in Workforce:

    • Women and minorities significantly expanded their roles in both military and industrial work due to wartime demands.

Page 15: Racial Tensions During the War

  • African American Experiences:

    • Faced segregation and discrimination even while serving in the military.

    • Movements for civil rights advanced amid wartime experiences.

Page 16: Japanese American Internment

  • Internment Camps:

    • Japanese Americans forcibly relocated during WWII led to long-standing societal repercussions and later apologies.

Page 17: Major Military Strategies and Campaigns

  • Allied Forces' Strategies:

    • Focused on gaining ground in North Africa before launching attacks in Europe, leading to eventual victories.

Page 18: D-Day and Liberation of Europe

  • D-Day:

    • A huge allied invasion of Normandy, leading to critical successes and liberation efforts across Europe.

Page 19: Holocaust Awareness and Aftermath

  • Realities of the Holocaust:

    • Allies confronted the horrors upon liberating camps and began addressing reparations for victims post-war.

Page 20: The War in the Pacific

  • Japanese Expansion and Attacks:

    • Intense battles such as Midway turned the tide in favor of the Allies in the Pacific Theater.

Page 21: Closing in on Japan

  • Significant Battlegrounds:

    • Battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa served pivotal roles in the push towards Japan, leading to costly victories.

Page 22: Planning Post-War Order

  • Yalta Conference:

    • Allies laid groundwork for the post-war structure and addressed future governance in Europe.

Page 23: The Atomic Bomb Decisions

  • Truman's Orders:

    • Decisions around bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to rapid conclusions to the war but sparked long-term ethical debates.

Page 24: Post-War Global Shift

  • Emerging Power Dynamics:

    • The U.S. and USSR emerged as superpowers, leading into the Cold War era.

Page 25: Geopolitical Changes Post-WWII

  • Divisions and Rebuilding:

    • Nations like Germany and Japan had to rebuild under new political agreements and influences following their defeats.