2nd Semester Review: Agriculture, Cities, Industry & Development

UNIT 05 - AGRICULTURE

3 Agricultural Revolutions

1st Agricultural Revolution
  • Before agriculture, people foraged for food.
  • Villages couldn't sustain large populations through hunting and gathering.
  • The Fertile Crescent first domesticated plants 14,000 years ago.
  • Humans selected roots or seeds from the largest, heartier plants.
  • Reliable food crops and surpluses led to the rise of urban centers.
Domestication of Animals
  • Animals were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent 8,000 years ago.
  • Purposes:
    • "Beasts of Burden" - pulled plows.
    • Source of milk and meat.
    • Source of fertilizer.
  • Only 14 out of 148 animals meeting domestication criteria have been domesticated (10%).
2nd Agricultural Revolution
  • Occurred just before the Industrial Revolution of 1800; necessary to feed growing factory cities.
  • Crop rotation began to replenish soil nutrients and prevent pests.
  • England’s Enclosure Movement increased farm sizes for sheep raising.
  • The seed drill was invented to improve planting efficiency.
  • The internal combustion engine allowed for mechanization.
  • High-yield fertilizer was used.
  • The Dutch modified the Chinese plow to make it lighter.
  • New technology led to increased food production.
  • Mass production of food resulted in:
    • Population boom.
    • Longer life expectancies.
    • More work.
    • Increased trade.
3rd Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)
  • Began in the 1930s with American scientists manipulating seeds.
  • In the 1940s, Mexico manipulated corn varieties.
  • In the 1960s, India crossed rice types to produce a robust rice (IR8).
  • In 1982, IR36 was created to resist pests and have a shorter growing cycle (3 crops/year vs. 2).
  • In the 1990s, the US created high-yield wheat crops.
  • These are known as Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
  • Pros:
    • Increased food supply.
    • Fewer farms feed more people.
    • Crops are less likely to fail.
  • Cons:
    • Unknown health risks of gene manipulation.
    • Dependency on chemicals.
    • Nutrient deficiencies.
Timeline
  • 1st Ag. Rev.: 10,000-12,000 B.C. - Domestication and field growth led to sedentary lifestyles.
  • 2nd Ag. Rev.: 1800 - Industrial Revolution & mechanization.
  • 3rd Ag. Rev.: 1930 - GMOs & high-tech to increase yields.
  • 2050 - Predicted time when food production goes below world population.
Consequences of Agriculture
  • Desertification/Salinization
  • Pesticides
  • Pollution
  • Hormones
  • Land Cover Change
Source Regions of Plant Domestications

A. Primary Regions of Domestications

  • The Upper Southeast Asian Mainlands
    • Citrus Fruits
    • Bananas
    • Bamboos
    • Taros
    • Yams
    • Rices
  • Lower Southeast Asian Mainland and Malaysia (including New Guinea)
    • Pandanus
    • Breadfruits
    • Lanzones
    • Vine peppers
    • Nutmeg
  • Eastern India and Western Burma
    • Bananas
    • Yams
    • Taros
    • Soft wheats
    • Barleys
    • Lentils
    • Beans
    • Rices
  • Southwestern Asia (Northwest India-Caucasus)
    • Peas
    • Oil seeds
    • Poppies
    • Oats
    • Rye
    • Onions
  • Ethiopian and East African Highlands
    • Hard wheats
    • Millets
    • Maizes
    • Amaranths
    • Beans
    • Sorghums
  • Meso-American Region (Southern Mexico to Northern Venezuela)
    • Taros
    • Sweet potatoes
    • Squashes
    • Tomatoes
    • Chili peppers
Columbian Exchange
  • Millions of years ago, continental drift separated Old World and New Worlds.
  • After 1492, human voyagers reversed this tendency, through the Columbian Exchange.
  • Old World crops (wheat, barley, rice, turnips) had not traveled west across the Atlantic.
  • New World crops (maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, manioc) had not traveled east to Europe.
  • The Americas had no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats.
  • The New World had few domesticated animals, except for llama, alpaca, dog, fowl, and guinea pig.
  • The Old World had pathogens like smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever.
Cadastral Systems

  • Methods of land survey defining land ownership and property lines.

  • Adopted in places where settlement could be regulated by law.

  • Land surveys are crucial to implementation.

  • Township and Range Survey System

    • Based on a grid system creating 1 square mile sections.
    • US method adopted after the Revolutionary War.
    • Homestead Act-160 acres (1 section) given after 5 years of working the land)

  • Metes and Bounds Survey

    • Uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.
    • Found on the east coast of North America

  • Long Lot Survey System

    • Divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
    • Found in Canadian marine areas & Quebec; a remnant of French rule.
Agricultural Villages
  • Dispersed Settlement
    • Individual farmhouses are widely spaced apart (e.g., N. America).
    • Land is cultivated by machine rather than by hand.
  • Nucleated Settlement
    • Intense cultivation with homes clustered in a village.
    • Most of the world’s farms are nucleated.
Village Forms
  • Round Village
    • Houses circle a central corral for animals, with fields extending outside.
    • Found in East Africa and parts of Europe.
    • Made to protect animals.
  • Medieval Walled Village
    • Developed in ancient days to protect villagers from attack.
    • Often surrounded by moats in Europe.
  • Grid Village
    • More modern, laid out in straight street patterns.
    • Works best on flat land.
    • Spanish colonial villages & modern-day planned towns.
  • Linear Village
    • Modern settlement following major roads.
    • There is often one single thoroughfare lined with homes and farms.
  • Cluster Village
    • Settlement may have more than one major road.
    • Nucleated intersection of roads.
Von Thünen Land Use Model

  • Assumptions:

    1. All land has similar site characteristics.
    2. All land is uniform.
    3. The city is self-sufficient.
    4. Unoccupied wilderness surrounds the state.
    5. No specific roads, transportation is direct.
    6. Farmers maximize profits.

  • Farmers produce different goods at increasing distances from the town center.

  • Transportation cost determines land use.

  • Land improvement close to the village and land degradation farther away.

  • Rings:

    1. Central City
    2. Market gardening & dairying
    3. Forests
    4. Field crops; grains
    5. Ranching and livestock raising

  • Ring 1: Dairy and Horticulture

    • Perishable and expensive to transport.
    • Close to the city, milkshed range depends on technology.

  • Ring 2: Forest

    • Wood was important, and being close meant more profit.

  • Ring 3: Grains

    • Easier to store and transport, requires a lot of land, cheaper farther from the city.

  • Ring 4: Ranching and Livestock

    • Needs much more land, animals can transport themselves.

  • Beyond the rings is wilderness, where no profit is to be made.

  • Factors that change the Model

    • GMOs
    • Globalization
    • Refrigerated Shipping
    • Cultural shifts
Economic Activities
  • Primary: Products closest to the ground – farming, mining, fishing
  • Secondary: Manufacturing of primary products into new products – logs table.
  • Tertiary: Service industry, connecting producers to consumers
  • Quaternary: Information or the exchange of goods tied into research or higher education
  • Quinary: government
Intensive vs. Extensive Agriculture
  • Bid Rent Theory- Land value decreases further from urban area.
MDC vs. LDC Agriculture
  • Subsistence Agriculture
    • Production of food is primarily for the family
    • Mostly in LDCs
    • High % of pop working in agriculture - “high agricultural density."
    • Less access to machines, intensive work by hand
    • Smaller farm size
  • Commercial Agriculture
    • Mass production of food for profit.
    • Mostly found in MDCs.
    • Majority of people not in agriculture, only 5% of the population
    • More machines and transportation.
    • Larger Farm sizes.
    • Monocropping- growing the same crop on a field every year
      • Allows farmers to use the same seeds, chemicals, etc. save on cost and maximize profit
Review of Agriculture Types
  • Intensive
    • Intensive Subsistence-Wet Rice Dominant
    • Intensive Subsistence-Wet Rice Not Dominant
    • Mediterranean
    • Market Gardening
    • Plantation
    • Mixed Crop & Livestock
    • Dairying
  • Extensive
    • Shifting cultivation
    • Pastoral Nomadism
    • Ranching
    • Grain Farming
Intensive Agriculture

*Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to
the space being used.

Market Gardening and Fruit Farming
  • Intensive, Commercial
  • Most dominant type of agriculture in southeastern United States.
  • Truck Farming: another name for this type of agriculture.
  • Reliant on migrant workers, fertilizers, and machinery.
  • Crops: apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes.
Plantation Agriculture
  • Intensive, Commercial
  • Large-scale cash cropping.
  • Locations: tropics and subtropics - Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
  • Cash Crops: cotton, tobacco, bananas, sugarcane.
  • Plantation agriculture’s roots are in colonization
  • Colonizers pushed for monoculture (dependency on a single agricultural commodity)
Luxury Crops
  • Not essential to survival.
  • Tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco are luxury crops.
  • Coffee is the 2nd most valuable traded commodity after petroleum.
Mediterranean Agriculture
  • Intensive, commercial, Mediterranean coasts, West California
  • Olives, grapes, figs, almonds, dates thrive in this climate.
Mixed Crop and Livestock
  • Intensive, Commercial, East of Mississippi and Western Europe
  • Most distinctive characteristic is the integration of crops and livestock - most
    of the crops are fed to the animals and the manure gives soil fertility.
  • Allows farmers to more evenly distribute the workload throughout the year.
  • Corn and soybeans are the most important crops in the US mixed commercial farming region.
Illegal Drugs Agriculture
  • Farmers in the periphery often find it more profitable to grow illicit drugs that are in high demand in core countries.
  • Coca plant is mostly grown in Colombia.
  • Opiates are mostly grown in SW Asia (Afghanistan).
  • Marijuana growth is dominated by Mexico.
  • US has the highest demand for illegal drugs.
Intensive Wet Rice Agriculture
  • Intensive, subsistence
  • Wet Rice
  • SE Asia, East India, SE China
  • Most important source of food in Asia.
  • Very Labor intensive
  • Grown on flat or terraced land.
  • Double cropping (2 crops at once)
Dairy Farming
  • Intensive, Commercial. NE US
  • Dairy farms must be located close to the consumer due to the high perishability; uses refrigerated trucks.
  • The ring of dairy suppliers around a city is known as the “milkshed.”
  • Before refrigeration – 30-mile milkshed
  • After refrigeration – 300 miles milkshed
Extensive Agriculture

*Agriculture that used fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the
space being used.

Shifting Cultivation
  • Extensive, Subsistence, Equator-tropical, Brazil, Central America etc.
  • Use fire to clear vegetation from land.
  • AKA swidden/milpa/patch agriculture/slash and burn
  • Plant crops for a few years then leave the crops.
  • Land fertile for 3 or fewer years
  • Soil recovery, grows back very slow
Pastoral Nomadism
  • Extensive, Subsistence
  • The breeding and herding of domesticated animals for subsistence
  • Where? Arid/semi-arid areas (N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia)
  • Animals: Camels, Goats, Sheep, Cattle
  • People move based on livestock. They herd domesticated animals in dry climates, where
    planting crops is impossible.
  • Transhumance : moving herds on a seasonal basis to new pastures between mountains and lowlands
    (cyclical)
Livestock Ranching
  • Extensive, commercial, SW US
  • Cows and sheep are the two most important ranched animals.
  • Ranching is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area.
  • This type of agriculture is best suited for dry climates, but due to increased irrigation practices, most land given to ranching has been converted to crop production.
Grain Agriculture and Climate
  • extensive, commercial, Midwest US
  • Climate Regions (based on temp and precipitation) help determine agriculture production
  • Agriculture Regions- drier lands usually have livestock ranching and more moist climates usually have grain production.
Organic Agriculture
  • The production of crops without the use of pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, or synthetic feeds.
AGRIBUSINESS

*The interconnected industry of food production involving farmers, processors, distributors, and retailers.

Large-scale Commercial Agriculture
  • Since the 2nd Agricultural Revolution, farmland has been consolidating.
  • Consolidated (larger) farms make complex farm machines with designer seeds, herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers, enabling them to produce more at a lower per unit cost than a family farmer ever could.
Agribusinesses vs. family businesses
  • Large corporate farms are able to outproduce and outsale small-family farms thus forcing them out of business.
  • While there are many small farms, the large-scale farms outproduce them.
Complex Commodity chains
  • The process by which agribusinesses gather resources, transform them into products and finally sell them to consumers.
Global Supply Chain
  • Coffee Grown in the tropical periphery
  • Transported to major ports
  • Loaded onto cargo ships
  • Cargo Ships move across the world
  • Beans move to regions
  • Sold locally
Technology raises the Carry Capacity
  • The use of feedlots and CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations) has increased the speed and number of animals raised. This ability allows for more people to live on the land.
Impact of Large-Scale Farming Technological Improvements
  • 1962: one farmer fed 26 people
  • 21st cent: one farmer fed 155 people
  • Better transportation
  • Better fertilizers
  • Better harvesting equipment
  • Better understanding of the science of plants and animals
  • Cool chains: Advances in refrigeration, transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip
  • Increased production due to fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides
Consequences of Agriculture
  • Desertification/Salinization
  • Pollution
  • Hormones
  • Pesticides
  • Land Cover Change
Challenges of Contemporary ag

  • Debates over sustainability!

    • GMO, Biotechnology

    • Aquaculture

      • (The cultivation of marine life under controlled conditions)

    • water usage, reduction in biodiversity

    • Extensive fertilizer/pesticides

Challenges of Contemporary ag

*Shifts to urban farming, community supported agriculture (CSA), value-added
specialty crops, local food movements, fair trade.

Challenges of Contemporary ag

  • Feeding a global population

    • Lack of food access

    • Food insecurity and food deserts

    • Problems in distribution, bad weather, loss of land (suburbanization)

Challenges of Contemporary ag

  • Effects on food-production practices

    • Location of food processing facilities

    • Economics of scale

      • When a company boosts its production output, it can more easily achieve a cut in the
        cost of producing its own goods and products.
Women in agriculture
  • Converted traditional subsistence farming to commercial (revenues going to men). Sub-Saharan Africa 85%, China 75%, India 70%

UNIT 06 - URBAN GEOGRAPHY

Ranking Urban Centers
  • Megalopolis- multiple cities grow together (Boston to Washington DC)
  • City- more functional specialization central business district, large hinterland- suburbs
  • Town- higher level of specialization banks, schools, Hinterland
  • Hamlet- has no urban function (store, gas station, services)
  • Village- specialization, sells goods, larger
  • Metropolis- multiple cities grow together (Boston to Washington DC)
Ranking Urban Centers
  • Megalopolis = 10+ million people
  • City = 100,000-1,000,000 people
  • Town = 10,000 - 100,000 people
  • Hamlet = less than 500
  • Village = 500 - 2,500
  • Metropolis = city + suburbs = 1-5 million people
Rank-Size Rule
  • Cities in a country are placed in order from largest to smallest
    • Largest city has 12 million, it will be ranked #1
    • 2nd largest will have 6 million- ½ of largest populated city
    • 3rd largest will have 4 million- ⅓ of largest populated city
    • 4th largest will have 3 million- ¼ of the largest populated city
Primate City Rule
  • Rank Size Rule Does Not Work in Countries with a Primate City!
  • Largest city has more than twice the number of the second-ranking city. These cities also represent the culture of the country.
World City
  • Also known as a “global city” or “alpha city”
  • Important node, or connecting point, in the global economic system.
  • Location of trade or finances both nationally and globally.
  • Financial and economic center.
MEGACITY!
  • Megacity- very large, growing population !
  • Typically found in the “developing” world with High natural population growth and immigration.
  • They generally suffer from extreme pollution and poverty and widespread slum settlements.
  • A city with a minimum of 5 million people
METACITY!
  • The term Metacity was coined when Megacity became inadequate
  • Refers to cities that have 20 million or more people
  • Mega Region: city plus suburb with minimum 10 million people
History of Urbanization

  • 7,000-5,000 BC - First Urban Revolution in Mesopotamia

  • 5 hearths of urbanization:

    1. st- Mesopotamia
    2. nd- Nile Valley
    3. rd- Indus River Valley
    4. th- Huang He River Valley
    5. th- Mesoamerica
Industrial Revolution (2nd Urban Revolution)
  • “Manufacturing Cities”- emerged based on factories, this changed cities – terrible living, working, and health conditions.
  • Factories later moved outside of cities
  • Road improvements led to the suburbanization
Boomburbs
  • A rapidly growing city in the US that remains suburban, even as it reaches populations of urban core cities.
  • Incorporated places in the top 50 Metropolitan areas in the US of more than 100,000 residents.
  • The US contains 54 boomburbs accounted for about half of the 1990s growth in cities with between 100,000 and 500,000 residents.
Exurbs
  • An exurb is an area outside the typically denser inner suburban area of a metropolitan area, which has an economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing density, and growth.
New Urbanism
  • An urban movement to create livable space in existing.
  • Focus on green energy, transportation, and spaces; "Live, work, play."
Gentrification

*Creates new businesses in low income areas. Eventually the prices become too high for people that originally lived there to afford. Revitalization

Central Place Theory

  • Stated following:

    1. How and where central places would be spatially distributed
    2. Central places have a surrounding complementary region it provides
      goods and services.

  • Four Assumptions:

    1. Flat surface with NO BARRIERS
    2. Soil is fertile everywhere
    3. Population is equal
    4. Transportation is equal
Economic Reach/Range
  • Max distance from a central place that can attract commerce.
  • Complementary Regions-2 regions with differing strength that engage in a beneficial relationship
Sustainable Design Initiatives

  • Smart Growth: legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland.

    • New Urbanism - walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces.

    • Greenbelts - areas of undeveloped land around an urban area.

    • Slow-Growth Cities - slowing a city’s growth to limit the problems associated with growth and improve sustainability.

Urban Data
  • Quantitative information about a city’s population is provided by census and survey data. Qualitative data from field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change.
Squatter Settlements
  • As developing cities continue to experience rapid urbanization, most poor people move to squatter settlements (characterized by extreme poverty.) They usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.
Responses to Challenges
  • Inclusionary zoning encouraging the development of affordable housing
Challenges to Urban Sustainability
  • Population and industrial concentration require massive amounts of energy.
  • Pollution leads to increased greenhouse gasses, acid rain, and ozone depletion.
  • Suburban Sprawl: the spreading of developments into suburban or rural areas. Decrease in available agricultural land.
Responses to the Challenges of Urban Sustainability

*Regional planning efforts; Remediation and Redevelopment of Brownfields; Establishment of Urban Growth Boundaries; Farmland Protection Policies

Concentric Zone Model
  • * Developed by Ernest Burgess’ study of Chicago * functional concentric zones
    1.) Central Business District (CBD)- financial, retail, theater transition businesses taking over residential areas
    2.) blue-collar labor force homes middle-class residences suburbs Model is dynamic (changing) *As cities grew, zones invaded other zones
Sector Model
  • Developed by Homer Hoyt in the 1930s
  • Hoyt believed that “pie shaped” sectors described the pattern better than concentric circles
Multiple Nuclei Model
  • Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman created it in the 1940s in response to rapid suburbanization.
  • The downtown is not the only source of business for the center of urban areas. Other centers developed, leading to Edge cities.
Galactic City Model
  • Created in the 1960s by Chauncey Harris.
  • This model accounts for the even more increased urban sprawl associated with highly prevalent automobiles.
  • Based on Detroit (Motor City)
  • Connects the American city and its evolution from the 1940s (Multiple Nuclei) to the more modern city of the 1960s-1990s (Urban Realms).
Urban Realms Model & Edge Cities
  • After WWII, the US population started to migrate to the suburbs. Edge cities are fully functional outer cities developed, leading to the creation of the Urban Realms Model. Each realm has their own economic, social, and political identity
General Evolution of US City 1920-1990’s
  • Concentric – 1920s
  • Sector – 1930s
  • Multiple Nuclei – 1940s
  • Galactic– 1950s-60s
  • Urban Realms– 1960s-present
Latin American City Model
  • Known as the Griffin Ford model
  • Rapid Urbanization, With rapid Urbanization comes low house values around the CBD
  • The “spine” & “mall” are heavily connected to the CBD. Also known as high-income housing.
  • Disamenity sector contains the barrios and favelas (poorest sections)
African Model
  • Sub-Sahara- least urbanized region
  • Africa is difficult to typify because cities are diverse
  • Colonialism has left an imprint
  • 3 CBDs – Colonial CBD- Market Zone CBD- Traditional CBD

UNIT 07 - DEVELOPMENT & INDUSTRY

3 Ways to Measure a Nations Wealth
  • Gross National Product (GNP)
    *The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. Includes all products produced by the country
    *Example: An American company is produced in America
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) * The total value of all goods and services produced within-a country’s border in a year
    • Example: Products produces in side borders of Japan
      :* Gross National Income (GNI) A measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within country plus income received from investments outside of the country
Types of Economy

  • Formal - Legal economy regulated by governments.

  • Informal - illegal economy that governments do not monitor or tax.

  • The following are not Included in GNP, GDP, or GNI

    • second hand sales - garage sale, used car, pawn shop
      • Illigal products/services - drugs, prostitution
    • Intermediate products - Tires on a new car, Flour in baked bread
Human Development Index
  • Life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).
Types of Development Models
  • Liberal Models
    • All countries are capable of development.
  • Structuralist Models
    • global structure cannot be easily changed. There is an Unequal power present.
Modernization Model
  • One of the most influential liberal models
  • Made by Walt Rostow in the 1960’s
  • All countries follow the next 5 states of development stages
Modernization Model 5 Stages

  • Stage 1: Traditional - subsistence farming, resistance to technological change

  • Stage 2: Preconditions of Takeoff - progressive leadership move countrys towards flexibility and openness

  • Stage 3: Takeoff - industrialization, increase in urbanization

  • Stage 4: Drive to Maturity - technology spreads, industrial specialization, international trade, population growth slows

  • Stage 5: High Mass Consumption - high incomes, many goods and services, majority of workers in the service sector

Dependency Theory
  • Structuralist model
  • Core countries control and limit economic development.
  • Colonialism made countries dependent on imperial powers.
  • Critic: Little hope for colonized countries. Some of these countries’ economies have improved
World-Systems Theory
  • Core - regions that have achieved high levels of socioeconomic prosperity and are dominant players in the global economy. *
  • Perihery - poor regions that are dependent on the Core (and often Semi-Periphery) and do not have as much control over their own affairs
  • Semi-Periphery - more powerful than the peripheral regions but still dominated by the Core
Gender Inequality Index

*GII Indicators: (a composite index for measurement of gender disparity, which affects a country's development)

  • Reproduction health (Maternal mortality rate deaths to pregnancy)
  • The economy (Male vs Female in the Workforce)
  • Education
    • % of females in schools vs. males in school
    • Literacy rate of females vs. males
Microloans
  • Microloans are small loans to small businesses that cannot be supported by banks
    • *Typically given from an individual in the core instead of a banking institution. Microloans create opportunities for women to create small local businesses improving their standards of living
Commodity dependence
  • The state has commodity dependence if commodities account for more than 60% of its exports.
    A commodity dependence state is at High risk of “putting all their eggs in one basket.” And could suffer if the prices or demand change quickly
What is sustainability?
  • Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
UN SUSTAINABILITY GOALS (2015)
  • 1.) NO POVERTY
  • 2.) NO HUNGER
  • 3.) GOOD HEALTH
  • 4. QUALITY EDUCATION
  • 5.)) GENDER EQUALITY
  • 6.) CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
  • 7.) CLEAN ENERGY
  • 8.) GOOD JOBS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
  • 9.) INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
  • 10.) REDUCED INEQUALITIES
  • 11.) SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
  • 12.) RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION
  • 13.) PROTECT THE PLANET
  • 14.) LIFE BELOW WATER
  • 15.) LIFE ON LAND
  • 16.) PEACE AND JUSTICE
  • 17.) PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
Industrial Revolution
  • Before the Industrial age most goods were produced in the home
  • The Industrial Revolution began in northern England in the late 1700s. Factories clustered near coalfields to provide eventual steam power.
Why Great Britian?

*Flow of capital (Colonization), 2nd Agricultural Revolution, Mercantilism and Resources: coul, iron ore and rivers (for water power)

INDUSTRIES AFFECTED by THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  • Iron: ore was smelted in furnaces and transport for more refining.

*Coal: Coal could more efficiently heat the furnaces and took less time than wood.

  • Engineering: machines were invented during this time
    *Transportation led to the construction of many canals and railways.
  • Textiles: mechanization of the factory led to a massive of fabrics.
    *Food Canning food allowed for shipment and storage of food
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

*1851—Crystal Palace: World’s Fair in London; symbolized Britain’s dominance in the Industrial Revolution *

  • The Netherlands, Russia, and Sweden did not reach the level of Industrialization until the 20th century.
What is needed to Increase industrialization?
  • New Technologies, Avail. Natural Resources Growth in Population Urbanization to Change the classes.
    Increased industrialization led to demands for raw materials and the search for new markets and was a factor in the rise of colonialism and imperialism.
Fordist VS. Post Fordist
  • Fordist Dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century.
  • Production of consumer goods at a single site ( all assembly in Detroit ). Post-Ford Current Mode of production
    *It has flexible production practices-“Its all about just in time delivery” so there’s no more than needing the parts! Production can be outsourced to where it will be lowest.
Economic Activities Primary
  • Primary: Harvest from the Earth – farming, mining, fishing, lumbering, Secondary Manufacturing of primary products into new products – Ex. Logs tables, Tertiary Service industry, connecting producers to consumers,
    Quaternary Logistics and Data; Quinary Research & Development Export-Processing Zones (EPZ)
Deindustrialization
  • Industrialized regions move jobs to places with cheaper labor
Technopoles
  • Center of high-tech manufacturing, Silicon Valley in Palo Alto, CA largest in the world Brussels, Belgium
    In the triangle there are companies businesses and research facilities located on each side.
Television & Cars
  • The production of televisions clearly displays the “