Pearson: Chapter 3 Notes - MT

Chapter 3: Integumentary System



Combining Forms

  • albin/o: white

  • cauter/o: to burn

  • cry/o: cold

  • cutane/o: skin

  • derm/o, dermat/o: skin

  • diaphor/o: profuse sweating

  • electr/o: electricity

  • erythr/o: red

  • hidr/o: sweat

  • ichthy/o: scaly, dry

  • kerat/o: hard, horny

  • leuk/o: white

  • lip/o: fat

  • melan/o: black

  • myc/o: fungus

  • necr/o: death

  • onych/o: nail

  • pedicul/o: lice

  • phot/o: light

  • py/o: pus

  • rhytid/o: wrinkle

  • sarc/o: flesh

  • scler/o: hard

  • seb/o: oil

  • system/o: system

  • trich/o: hair

  • ungu/o: nail

  • vesic/o: bladder

  • xer/o: dry


Integumentary System Suffixes

  • -derma: skin condition



Integumentary System Prefixes

  • Allo-: other, different from usual

  • Xeno-: foreign



Terminology: Combining Forms

  • angi/o: vessel

  • bas/o: the base

  • bi/o: life

  • carcin/o: cancer

  • chem/o: chemical

  • cis/o: to cut

  • cortic/o: outer layer

  • cty/o cell

  • esthesi/o: feeling

  • hem/o: blood

  • hidr/o: sweat

  • ichthy/o: scaly, dry

  • kerat/o: hard, horny

  • leuk/o: white

  • lip/o: fat

  • melan/o: black

  • myc/o: fungus

  • necr/o: death

  • onycho/o: nail

  • pedicul/o: lice

  • phot/o: light

  • py/o: pus

  • rhytid/o: wrinkle

  • sarc/o: flesh

  • scler/o: hard

  • seb/o: oil

  • septic/o: infection

  • system/o: system

  • trich/o: hair

  • ungu/o: nail

  • vesic/o: sac

  • xer/o: dry



Terminology: Suffixes

  • -al: pertaining to

  • -derma: skin condition

  • -ectomy: surgical removal

  • -emia: blood condition

  • -ia: state, condition

  • -iasis: abnormal condition

  • -ic: pertaining to

  • -ism: state of

  • -itis: inflammation

  • -logy: study of

  • -malacia: abnormal softening

  • -oma: mass or tumor

  • -opsy: view of

  • -osis: abnormal condition

  • -ous: pertaining to

  • -phagia: eat, swallow

  • -plasty: surgical repair 

  • -rrhea: discharge

  • -tic: pertaining to

  • -tome: instrument to cut

  • -ule: small



Terminology: Prefixes

  • Allo-: other

  • An-: without

  • Anti-: against

  • Auto-: self

  • De-: without

  • Epi-: above

  • Ex-: outward

  • hyper-: excessive

  • Hypo-: under

  • Intra-: within

  • Para-: beside

  • Sub-: under

  • Xeno-: foreign



Adjective forms of Anatomical Terms

  • Cutaneous: pertaining to the skin

  • Dermal: pertaining to the skin

  • Dermic: pertaining to the skin

  • Epidermal: pertaining to above the skin

  • Hypodermic: pertaining to below the skin

  • Intradermal: pertaining to within the skin

  • Subcutaneous: pertaining to under the skin

  • Ungual: pertaining to the nail



Signs and Symptoms

  • Abrasion: friction scraping away skin surface

  • Anhidrosis: condition of producing no sweat

  • Bulla: a large blister

  • Comedo: hardened sebum in hair follicle; blackhead

  • Contusion: injury caused by a blow; causes swelling, pain and bruising

  • Cyst: fluid-filled sac under skin

  • Depigmentation: loss of normal skin color

  • Diaphoresis: profuse sweating

  • Ecchymosis: blood collecting under skin following blunt trauma; a bruise

  • Erythema: red flushing of skin

  • Erythroderma: having reddened or flushed skin

  • Eschar: thick layer of dead tissue over a deep burn area

  • Fissure: crack-like lesion on the skin

  • Hirsutism: excessive hair growth

  • Hyperemia: redness of skin due to increased blood flow

  •  Hyperhidrosis: excessive sweating

  • Hyperpigmentation: abnormal amount of pigmentation

  • Lesion: general term for an injury or abnormality

  • Leukoderma: white skin from lack of skin pigment

  • Lipoma: fatty mass

  • Macule: flat, discolored spot on skin

  • Necrosis: condition of cell or tissue death

  • Nevus: pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or mole; usually benign

  • Nodule: firm, solid mass larger than 0.5 cm

  • Onychomalacia: softening of nails

  • Pallor: abnormal paleness of skin

  • Papule: small, solid raised spot smaller than 0.5 cm

  • Petechiae: spots from minute hemorrhages under skin

  • Photosensitivity: abnormal skin reaction to light

  • Pruritus: severe itching

  • Purpura: skin hemorrhage due to fragile blood vessels

  • Purulent: infection producing pus

  • Pustule: raised spot on skin containing pus

  • Pyoderma: having pus on or within the skin

  • Scleroderma: hardened skin

  • Seborrhea: oily discharge

  • Suppurative: containing or producing pus

  • Ulcer: open sore in skin

  • Urticaria: hives

  • Vesicle: small, fluid-filled, raised spot; blister

  • Wheal: small, round, swollen area; typical of allergic skin reaction

  • Xeroderma: abnormally dry skin



Pathology of the Skin

  • Abscess: collection of pus in skin

  • Acne rosacea: chronic form of adult acne with redness and tiny pimples, primarily on nose

  • Acne vulgaris: common form of teenage acne with comedones, papules, and pustules

  • Actinic keratosis: abnormal condition of hard, horny, wartlike lesion that develops on sun-damaged skin; may become cancerous 

  • Albinism: genetic condition in which the skin is unable to make melanin; skin and white are white and eyes appear red 

  • Basal cell carcinoma: cancerous tumor in the basal cell layer

  • Burn: skin damage caused by fire

  • Cellulitis: diffuse acute infection of connective tissue of skin

  • Cicatric: normal scar

  • Decubitus ulcer (decub): open sore caused by pressure over bony prominences

  • Dermatitis: inflammation of the skin

  • Dermatosis: presence of skin condition

  • Dry gangrene: late stages of gangrene

  • Eczema: superficial dermatitis

  • Gangrene: tissue necrosis due to loss of blood flow

  • Ichthyosis: skin becomes dry, scaly, and keratinizes

  • Impetigo: highly infectious bacterial infection with pustules that rupture and crust over

  • Kaposi’s sarcoma: skin cancer seen in AIDS patients

  • Keloid: thick hypertrophic scar

  • Keratosis: condition of excessive growth and thickening of epidermis layer

  • Laceration: torn or jagged wound

  • Malignant melanoma (MM): dangerous form of cancer

  • Monkeypox: contagious viral infection that causes flu-like symptoms and a rash with pustules or blisters

  • Pediculosis: lice infestation

  • Psoriasis: chronic inflammatory condition with papules forming “silvery scale” patches

  • Rubella: contagious viral infection; German measles

  • Scabies: skin disease caused by a mite infestation

  • Sebaceous cyst: sebum filled sac under the skin

  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): cancer of epidermis layer

  • Strawberry hemangioma: congenital collection of dilated blood vessels; birthmark

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): chronic disease of connective tissue

  • Tinea: fungal infection; itching and scaling lesions

  • Tinea capitis: fungal infection on scalp; ringworm

  • Tinea pedis: fungal infection of foot; athlete’s foot

  • Varicella: contagious viral infection; chickenpox

  • Verruca: warts; benign growth caused by a virus

  • Vitiligo: disappearance of pigment from skin in patches

  • Wet gangrene: area of gangrene with secondary bacterial infection and pus



Pathology of the Hair

  • Alopecia: absence or loss of hair; baldness

  • Carbuncle: furuncle involving several hair follicles

  • Furuncle: bacterial infection of hair follicle

  • Tricomycosis: fungal infection of the hair 



Pathology of the Nails

  • Onchia: infected nail bed

  • Onychomycosis: fungal infection of the nail

  • Onychophagia: nail biting

  • Paronychia: infection of the skin fold around the nail



Clinical Laboratory Tests: 

  • Culture and sensitivity (C&S): grows bacteria removed from infected area to identify infecting bacteria 



Biopsy Procedures

  • Biopsy (BX, bx): removal of piece of tissue to examine under microscope

  • Excisional biopsy: removal of an entire suspicious area of tissue for examination

  • Exfoliative cytology: scraping cells from tissue to examine under microscope

  • Frozen section (FS): thin piece of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for rapid examination under microscope

  • Fungal scrapings: scrapings from lesions that are cultured and examined under microscope

  • Punch biopsy: removal of a small cylinder of tissue by an instrument that pierces through tissue like a hole punch

  • Shave biopsy: removal of thick layer of epidermis or dermis tissue using scalpel or razor 



Skin Grafting

  • Allograft: skin graft from one person to another

  • Autograft: skin graft from a person’s own body

  • Dermatome: instrument for cutting skin or for producing thin transplants of skin

  • Dermatoplasty: skin grafting

  • Skin graft (SG): transfer of skin from a normal area to cover another site

  • Xenograft: skin graft from an animal of another species, usually a pig



Surgical Procedures

  • Cauterization: destruction of tissue by using chemicals, electricity, heat, or freezing

  • Cryosurgery: use of extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue

  • Curettage: removal of superficial skin lesion with a scraper

  • Debridement: removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue from a wound 

  • Electrocautery: using an electric current to destroy tissue

  • Incision and drainage (I&D): making an incision to drain material such as pus

  • Onychectomy: surgical removal of a nail




Plastic Surgery Procedures

  • Chemabrasion: abrasion using chemicals; chemical peel

  • Dermabrasion: abrasion using wire brushes or sandpaper; removes scars and tattoos

  • Laser therapy: removal of lesions using a laser beam

  • Liposuction: removal of fat beneath skin by means of suction 

  • Rhytidectomy: surgical removal of excess skin to eliminate wrinkles



Pharmacology

  • Anesthetic: deaden pain; lidocaine, procaine

  • Antibiotic: kill bacteria; neosporin

  • Antifungal: kill fungi; miconazole, clotrimazole 

  • Antiparasitic: kill mites or lice; kwell, nix

  • Antipruritic: reduce severe itching; benadryl, caladryl

  • Antiseptic: kill bacteria; isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

  • Corticosteroid cream: powerful anti-inflammatory; cortaid



Abbreviations

  • #: number

  • ADN: registered nurse with associate’s degree

  • BCC: basic cell carcinoma

  • RNB: registered nurse with bachelor’s degree

  • BX, bx: biopsy

  • C&S: culture and sensitivity

  • CNA: Certified nursing assistant

  • Decub: decubitus ulcer

  • Derm, derm: dermatology

  • FS: frozen section

  • I&D: incision and drainage

  • ID: intradermal

  • LPN: licensed practical nurse

  • LVN: licensed vocational nurse

  • MM: malignant melanoma

  • Mpox: monkeypox

  • MSN: registered nurse with master’s degree

  • Oint: ointment

  • Qid: four times a day

  • RN: registered nurse

  • SCC: squamous cell carcinoma

  • SG: skin graft

  • SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus

  • ST: split-thickness

  • Tid: three times a day

  • UV: ultraviolet

  • WHO: World Health Organization

  • X: times