AP world history

  • Gun powder horn- Soldier used a Gun powder horn to hold gun powder and prevent it from getting wet. 

  • Pre-Measured gun powder packs- Provides the same use as the gun powder horn, Packets pre measured with the right amount of gun powder as well as the bullet and rubbed with oil to repel water to prevent damage.

  • Raj-a period of rule or sovereignty



2.Middle East and South Asia

Ottoman territories

  • Suez Canal 

  • Crimean War

  • Russians / Europeans in Persia: oil resources 

 

India: “Jewel in the crown” Of the British Empire

  • British East India Company raj by late 1700’s 

  • Local divisions = Mughal emperor, Local kings, indirection British Control, & “Sepoy” Indian Soldiers

Uprising of 1857 → Brutal repression → British raj with viceroy/ governor-general, end of company raj, increased infrastructure

  • Nationalism, including Indian National Congress 1885

Video Notes


  • English and French governments in conflict

  • English and French traders in conflict

  • Taxes arising and the heavier the tax burden the more push back there was

  • Indian tax company would get a lot of profits and stock pricing (Good for the company but bad for the people)






3. Developments in Africa

Expansion of old company ports,slave trade posts, & missionary bases

Markets & Resources for industry (Palm oil,rubber,gold,diamonds, etc) Plus additional missionary activity 

  • (gold in California (Gold rush), South Africa (Johannesburg)) 

  • (Palm oil in Nigeria and West Africa, Important for lubrication for machines and other household objects)

  • (Rubber in central african rain forest, used for insulation for insulation wiring and tires)

“Scramble for Africa”, Berlin Conference 1885 and the “effective occupation” rule

Resistance and Nationalism

Overlapping ethnic & language groups + varying amounts of settlers


PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Will be on slides later)

 A.) Identify one aspect of the agreement that helped the British colonize Nigeria

One aspect was the territory “forever”. This gave the British a legal claim to the land and stopped the other European countries from taking it. It also took away the Chiefs power to start wars, giving the British military control.


B.) Explain one incentive not listed in the document that helped motivate the leaders of the Royal Niger Company to seek the control described in the document (On the slides)

A major incentive was securing a monopoly on palm oil. The company wanted to control the source of raw materials to make more money by cutting out African middlemen and stopping their European competitors from trading in the area.


C.) Explain one way in which the interactions between Europeans and Africans changed overtime from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century

In the 1600’s.Europeans stayed on the coast and traded as equal partners for goods and slaves. By the 1 800’s, they moved inland to conquer territory and take direct control of African government to fuel the Industrial revolution 



Bentley - ¨Heavenly Kingdom¨

Prepare for the following topics:

Taiping: Aims, Achievements, results

  • ¨ Equality of men and women before God and on Earth, and that belief was ironically illustrated in the political rise of woman destined to be part of the taipings¨

Similarities in process or outcome

  • Military weakness that left them vulnerable to foreign threats (Weaker than industrial powers)

  • All fought foreign wars or engaged in military confrontation with the industrial lands of western Europe and the United States. 

  • All experienced serious domestic turmoil

  • Internal weakness (Population pressure, Declining agricultural productivity, Famine, Falling government revenue, And corruption at all levels of government.)

  • All 4 societies planned to 

Differences in outcome










Areas of reform:     

  •  Limited ruler authority

  • Industry

  • Education

  • Corrupt government

  • Limits in foreign influence

  • More modern military

  • Equality


Obstacles of Reform:

  • Military vulnerability 

  • Internal weakness (Population pressure, Declining agricultural production, famine, falling government revenue, political corruption)

  • Domestic Turmoil

  • Colonial expansion of big empires created a lot of outside pressure (Foreign influence)



V. Resistance and Nationalism

Militant defensive wars (Ex. Zulu in South Africa, Asante in Ghana, Ethiopia over Italy)

Militant rebellion (Ex. Indian Uprising of 1857, Boxers in China)

Defensive modernization attempts (Ex.Meiji in Japan)

Political mobilization (Ex. Indian National Congress) for equal rights and/or local control and/or eventual independence



STUDY WHY THESE EMPIRES COLLAPSED

  • Imperial decline:
    Spanish,otoman,mughal,qing(including taiping) 

  • Causes of World War I

    • Nationalism: Rising tensions among nations

    • Militarism: Arms race among major powers

    • Alliances: Complex web of treaties

    • Imperialism: Competition for colonies

  • Major Events in World War I

    • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914

    • Trench warfare on the Western Front

    • Entry of the United States in 1917

    • Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919

  • Causes of World War II

    • Treaty of Versailles: Harsh penalties on Germany

    • Expansionism: Aggressive actions by Germany, Italy, and Japan

    • Failure of the League of Nations

  • Major Events in World War II

    • Invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939

    • Pearl Harbor attack in 1941

    • D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944

    • Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945

  • Consequences of the World Wars

    • Redrawing of national boundaries

    • Establishment of the United Nations

    • Cold War era begins as a result of tensions between the USA and USSR.

REVIEW FOR POP UP QUIZ (* things needed to study)

State collapses: Qing dynasty (Republic of China, Guomindang-Communist Civil War), Mexican Revolution, Russia (USSR), Ottoman empire (Republic of Turkey)

WWI Causes: Imperialism, regional conflicts, nationalism

WWI Characteristics: Propaganda, total war, industrial scale, and new military/transport technologies

Interwar empires: Maintenance of existing colonial empires, new League of Nations Mandate colonies,Japanese Manchukuo and Indian National congress and other anti colonial activism

Interwar economic crisis: 1918 Flu pandemic, active gov. intervention during the great depression, soviet 5 year plan, New deal, Fascist state corporate collaboration model

1.Russian Revolution

A. Czars (or Tsars) and empire

  • Aristocratic landowners, lots of peasants, limited industrialization

    B. Unrest:some constitutional reform, socialist agitation, Lenin & Bolsheviks

C. Revolution in 1917 during WWI (compare to Mexico/ China 1911)

(Bolshevik symbol means the 2 groups (factory workers and peasants))

(Lenin wants to unify the factory workers and peasants)

Big 5 WWII winners?-

1 U.S

2

3

4

5

Bipolar World Order

Close of WWII

  • Europe: Western Allies vs Russia

    • occupied Poland and split Germany  

    • Turkey, Greece, and the Marshall Plan

    • NATO(‘49) vs. the Warsaw Pact (‘55)’

    •   NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was a political and military alliance of 32 countries from Europe and North America.

  • United Nations (Note security Council)

5 who set up the UN

  1. US

  2. France

  3. Britian

  4. Soviet Union

  5. China

  • Occupied Korea; Chinese Civil War

    • Guomindang flees to Taiwan

    • PRC (‘49) and Korean War (‘50)

2.Decolonization and Dominoes

  • colonies and independence: democracy, social justice, or Communist plot

(South Asia partition, North America revolution, Congolese nationalism. Etc.)

(FINISH THIS PORTION)

  1. Major Conflict

  • Military buildup, nuclear arms race, space race, alliances

  • Collectivization, purges, secret police, Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution

  • Proxy wars

    • Korea 1950’s

    • Vietnam 1960’s/70’s

I. Reasons for Imperial Collapse

A. Contradictions (constitutional democracies cant have empires: colonies violate UN human rights: World Wae atrocities prove empires are bad: etc)

B. 20th Century events (better communication +transport+human rights ideas+ US/Soviet rivalry+devastation of Europe etc.)

C. Individual activists (some representative examples could include Mohandas Handhi, Ho Chi Minh, Chinua Achebe, Patrice Lumumba, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela) ***bold names are people you know of or about***

Ho Chi Minh-

Chinua Achebe-

Nelson Mandela-

II. Typical Colonial leftovers

  • Cash crop monoculture, soil exhaustion (cotton, coffee, palm oil, etc), deforestation

  • Lack of manufacturing, industry, services, jobs, or economic diversification

  • Foreign business enterprises and/or investment and/or property ownership

  • Limited infrastructure: education systems, government systems, transport systems, and/ or job training or experience

  • Ethnic division and/or white settler resistance

III. Decolonization recap

A. Nationalists against imperialism, racism, and economic inequality

B. Independence in colonialism especially in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

C. Ongoing conflict over government,resources, and Cold War

D. Economic Expansion

E. Demographic transition- the historical shift of a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

IV. Tension and conflict

A. New Nation-States and disputed borders (India/Pakistan partition, Israel/Palestine partition) (Partition means a line drawn between 2 places. Some people would think they were on the wrong side and would try to ger up and move on their own or there would be people that would try to force others to move violently because they believed that they lived on the wrong side of the line. (Called Violence due to Partition))

B. Ethnic or religious or economic rivalry (Nigeria, Rwanda; also recall WWI Armenian genocide)

C.Dictatorship, corruption, or insufficient infrastructure and resources ( Congo, Uganda)

Practice Prompt #1:

Evaluate the extent to which patterns of economic development 1950-2001 were influenced by the physical environment

—Between 1950-2001, Economic development was influenced by the environment when it came to natural resources, climate, expansion, and geographic restraints such as land locks.

Natural resources are limited in certain places such as japan and taiwan for numerous reasons.

Where we are in History so far

  • Reasons why decolonization wave happens 1940’s/50’s/60’s instead of earlier or later

    • Rise of the big 2 (Soviet Union and the US): US wanted to open markets and used the Atlantic charter to promote self determination but the USSR supported the “Wars of national liberation” to spread communist influence( which the US did not want)

    • After WWII Europe was the worlds bank and police force, Britain and France we financially broken and unstable and coulde’t even afford to pay expensive military costs required to stop distance independence movements like they could before.

  • Social/economic/political problems created by colonial imperialism

    • Bureaucratic collapse in colonies like Belgian and Congo.

    • Economic problems like cash crop dependency, Colonies being forced to grow things like coffee, rubber or tea for export. Mono-economies are vulnerable, if the price of the goods drop the economy crashes.

  • Overall pattern related to decolonization

    • exhaustion of Asia from WWII, Largest “Jewel” of the British Empire (India) gained independance

    • Violent breakouts where the “Mother countries” didnt want to leave, and it lead to a long bloody war

  • Conflict patterns related to decolonization

    • Settler resistance: Settlers owned the best land and controlled local government (Pressured wars), As a result guerrilla wars where the colonizing army was caught between angry locals and stubborn settlers

    • Civil war: Rival ethnic, religious, or political groups who had been defeated by colonizers for decades suddenly had to compete for control of the new government.

  • Decolonization “Case Study” example: South Asia

    • British Raj (British India) and its transformation into independent nations in 1947

Case Study: South Asia

A.Nationalism (Uprising of 1857, Indian National Congress, All-Indian Muslim League, World War, Amritsar Massacre)

B. Gandhi & nonviolent civil disobedience: homemade cloth-making, the Salt March
C.WWII——> British agree independence 1947      

  •       15 mil. displaced, 1 min dead in partition (Partition- act of physically dividing a single country or territory into 2 or more separate independent nations.

  • Labor force, education, demographic transition

D. Non- Aligned movement? Indian-Pakistani-Bangladeshi rivalries, economic development

E. Continued both inequality but dramatic expansion of both population and wealth

Globalization, Population, and Culture

Globalization & Population

Technology:

  • Industrial production (patterns of fossil fuel powered mass production, factories, Industrially produced things (Makes things more GLOBALIZED- Whole world partakes in activities like that))

  • Communication and transport and migration ( easier and cheaper to move people and goods, also easier to move ideas, easier to share ideas with other people and spread ideas. (Moving with mechanical assistance and new technology like printing technology, electrical transfer technology,radio, satellite, internet communication, airplanes, automobiles))

  • Vaccines, sanitation, antibiotics, life expectancy (Make better health outcomes, make more infants service and helps life expectancy go up, causes population growth to go up a lot, Basic sanitation gets better (Trash pick up, sewer systems carrying waste/ dirty water away, water systems, these things help maintain good public health))

  • Green Revolution food production (farming revolution, Massive population growth means more food needed for survival, some problems with erosion and chemicals in soil but basic short term impact was to make food for all of the incoming people to sustain survival)

International institutions:

  • Cold War then post-cold war re framing ( once soviet union collapses there is a realignment)

  • IGO (Inter government organization) political groups like UN (United Nations), BRIC (Brazil Russia India China), WTO, NATO, IMF (International monetary fund) (

  • NGO ( Non government organizations) private groups like greenpeace, Red Cross, FIFA, Docters without boarders ( Non profit groups (Promote causes, sometimes try to get certain policies to change, try to help with issues they don´t think the government properly handles)

Economics

  • More free markets and free-trade blocs, multinational corporations ( 2 or more countries making an agreement to have trade within each other, a lot of products are made with peices from different countries because its easier to move things around to where the expert workers are)

  • Globalized trade outsourced labor global supply chains ( alot of modern products are knowledge or service products, you have to have easy communication, you can do alot of outsourcing from other places (with good communication))

  • Globalized arts, pop culture, TV, music , movies, fashion, food ( Globalized consumer culture, further you go through the 20th century, making copies and passing down and replicating these things becomes easier and things go world wide (Indian movies can be shown in places that arent primarily Indian))

Early Modern:

  • getting energy from burning (coal powered Trains)

  • Sailing ships

  • riding and draft animals

  • printing press

  • newspaper

  • Columbian exchange (food crops and disease)

Long 19th Century (Industrial Rev.):

  • Cars

  • railroads

  • Steamships

  • TV

  • Start of telephone

  • Flush-able toilet

  • Farm productivity

  • water/sewer infrastructure

20th Century:

  • Planes (powered flight 1904)

  • truck

  • highways

  • cargo containers (Ships)

  • wind power

  • Telephones(Late)

  • Internet (Late)

  • Radio(Early)

  • Satellite (Mid)

  • Film(Early)

  • vaccines

  • antibiotics

  • hygiene

  • green revolution (chemical fertilizers, pesticides, hybrid high-yield crops)

  1. U7 World- War Contributions

  • Freedom, rights, migrations, alliances, UN ( makes it easier for people to do business across national lines)

  • Total war, full participation, mobilization of women, minorities, colonial subjects (More people being taken from their land and dropped in the city to work during the war)

  • Science: Radio, chemical, flight, rockets, nuclear weapons ( WW research ended up creating alot of globalization outcomes, flight research for fights and bombers, Rockets for launching explosives and space research, Nuclear weapons for blowing up as many people as possible during war (a lot of destructive potential but a lot of other outcomes as well)

  • US economic Boom and world-power status (Turns US into a disproportionate power house)

  1. U8 Cold War/ Decolonization contributions

  • Rights and equality, refugee migration( individuals under 18 forced to flee their home country due to persecution, war, or violence, often facing trauma and limited access to education or health services), international cooperation, expanded UN(disruption of WW and then CW created a lot of refugees and a lot of people moving long distance and seeking opportunity somewhere else

  • Science; TV, Satellites, nuclear power, Green Revolution, Cell Phones, internet (Satellites originally designed for military use then are used for high speed connection use)

  • Free market expansion and booms in Asia (Free market and free trade idea, businesses buy and sell what they want idea, Successful economic boom pattern that creates big cities (South korea, Japan, Singapore, India))

  • Foreign aid and trade to satellite countries (Causes alot of development aid, global internet connection, Expanded consumer culture gets a boost from cold war causes)

  • Independence, Population growth, urbanization, economic expansion (More directly participates in global connection patterns)

  • Expansion of free market activity from 1970’s (process of free markets arent limited to US networks, Even influences people in communist networks)

  1. Negative Repercussions of growth and globalization

  • Job transition and destruction or inequality( Alot of people thrown out of work, Unhealthy conditions, Low pay)

  • Interference with or disruption of traditional values and communities ( Alot of people can feel threatened by this kind of change by feeling as if their morals or values are being disrupted)

  • Fossil fuel ripples (Mining destruction, water/air quality, greenhouse gas) (top soil erosion, Poisoned water, harming economy and enviroment)

  • Farming expansion, deforestation, erosion, desertification (More top soil erosion, more desertification (Conversion of places into desert that weren’t desert like before)

  • Conflict over resources (conflict over freshwater, good farmland, etc.)

U9: Globalization

  • How do new technologies effect each other and the economy?

    • (…)

  • What made the population go from not very much to increasing (1700 - 2100)?

    • Things like rapid food production to help take care of everyone(Farming expansion,Green revolution) , as well as vaccines and antibiotics and sanitation and different medicines helping keep people alive and avoid or lower chances of sickness. All of which affect birth rates and cause them to rapidly increase (Makes life expectancy alot longer).

    • Development of nitrogen fertilizer (Increases food production)

  • What leads to the decline (Sort of in the future)?

    •         

IV. Further demographic change

  • Overall pattern is the (J Shape curve) Exponential growth

    • expanding wealth (people have more money and can afford more things)

    • clean water and better nutrition

    • antibiotics and vaccines

    • Green Revolution and food supply

  • Some cultivating factors (increased life expectancy from ( 7 to 70 ish )

    • Education, Birth control, women’s rights ——> Slowing population growth

    • expansion of diseases associated with wealth or longevity (Heart disease, Obesity)

    • Emergence of new epidemics (break out of disease in ONE area)

V. Global consumers

  • Production/wealth/GDP growth increases consumer buying power

  • Manufacturing (esp. Asia and Latin America transition to knowledge economies

  • Expansion in wealth (Despite inequality) and in rights in ex-colonies in Africa and Asia

  • Brands, products, trends going worldwide (Coca cola is in alot of other countries, Starbucks is in alot of other states not just Missouri, Music is all over the world)

  • Tv, Music, movies, sports going worldwide

***WATCH CRASH COURSE VIDEOS (Ep. 42 good sides of globalization, Ep. 42 the bad sides of globalization)

Twentieth-Century Recap


1. Transition from Long 19th Century

  • Industrial economy and military in US and Europe

  • Radicalized imperialism justifying resource extraction colonialism plus settler colonialism

  • Qing overthrow, Mexican revolution

  • Alliance system & First World War

    • Trench warfare, new technologies mobilization of mass, military including colonial troops

    • Nationalism, length and intensity of war, high death tolls, Armenian genocide Russian revolution

    • Treaty of Versailles, reparations, League of Nations

  • Flu Pandemic

  1. Interwar years + WWII

  • Great deppresion

    • Isolationism, poverty, desperation

    • Government intervention in economies (U.S. New Deal, Soviet collectivization, fascist military spending)

    • Rise of dictators, appeasement, war

  • WWII

    • Takeovers (Germans in Europe, Japanese in Asia)

    • Atrocities (Holocaust, Nanjing, indiscriminate killing, civilian targets, atomic bomb)

    • military tech (radio, radar, tanks , jets, munitions, etc) and expansion of industry (Especially in the US)

  • Weakening of old empires, renewed emphasis on freedom establish of United States