Sebaceous and Apocrine

Acne

  1. What are the age-related characteristics of acne?

    • It is primarily seen in females aged 1-17, males aged 14-19, and can also first appear in individuals aged 25 and older.

  2. What are the physical findings in mild cases of acne?

    • Physical findings in mild cases include open comedones (blackheads) and closed comedones (whiteheads).

  3. What treatments are available for mild cases of acne?

    • Mild cases can be treated with topical retinoids such as Adapalene (Differin) and Tazarotene (Tazorac, Pregnancy category X), as well as topical antibiotics like Clindamycin and Benzoyl peroxide.

  4. What are the physical findings in moderate to severe cases of acne?

    • Physical findings in moderate to severe cases include papules and pustules.

  5. What treatments are recommended for moderate to severe cases of acne?

    • Treatments for moderate to severe cases include oral antibiotics such as tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline) and macrolides (erythromycin), as well as hormonal therapy for females (oral contraceptives, spironolactone) and for males (flutamide, though it has a risk of potential fatal hepatitis).

  6. What are the physical findings in severe cases of acne?

    • Severe cases are characterized by nodular lesions.

  7. What is the treatment for severe cases of acne?

    • Severe cases are typically treated with Isotretinoin (Accutane, Pregnancy category X).

Rosacea

  1. What are the age and demographic characteristics of rosacea?

    • This condition is primarily seen in individuals aged 30 and older, is more common in females than males, and mostly affects fair-skinned individuals.

  2. What can irritate rosacea?

    • Factors that can irritate this condition include flushing, burning of the face with hot liquids, spicy food, alcohol, exposure to sun, and heat.

  3. What are the physical findings in mild cases of rosacea?

    • Physical findings in mild cases include flushing and centrofacial erythema.

  4. What treatments are available for mild cases of rosacea?

    • Treatments for mild cases include laser therapy and topical Brimonidine.

  5. What are the physical findings in moderate to severe cases of rosacea?

    • Moderate to severe cases present with papules and pustules.

  6. What treatments are recommended for moderate to severe cases of rosacea?

    • Treatments for moderate to severe cases include topical Metronidazole gel (MetroGel), either twice daily (BID) or as a cream, and oral antibiotics like tetracycline and doxycycline.

  7. What are the physical findings in severe cases of rosacea?

    • Severe cases are characterized by tissue hypertrophy and rhinophyma.

  8. What is the treatment for severe cases of rosacea?

    • Severe cases can be treated with Isotretinoin (Accutane, Pregnancy category X).

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

  1. Where on the body is hidradenitis suppurativa commonly found?

    • This condition is commonly found in the axilla (underarms), anogenital region, under the breast, and scalp.

  2. What are the age and gender characteristics of hidradenitis suppurativa?

    • This condition is primarily seen in individuals from puberty to age 40 and is more severe in females than in males, with a ratio of approximately 3:1.

  3. What are some predisposing factors for hidradenitis suppurativa?

    • Predisposing factors include obesity, endocrine issues, genetics, infection, and diet.

  4. What are the common symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa?

    • Common symptoms include pain, itching, tenderness, and bloodstained drainage.

  5. What are the physical findings in hidradenitis suppurativa?

    • Physical findings include lesions, comedones, exudate drainage, and scarring. There may also be secondary infection with Staphylococcus aureus.

  6. What are the treatment options for hidradenitis suppurativa?

    • Treatment options include warm soaks, wound dressings, prevention of skin trauma, topical treatments (Clindamycin, Benzoyl peroxide wash), oral antibiotics (tetracyclines like doxycycline), metformin (for antiandrogenic effects), oral retinoids (Acitretin), Adalimumab (Humira), surgical management (incision and drainage of abscesses, nodule excision, skin grafts), intralesional injections (triamcinolone), and psychological support.