4D. Stem Cells

Stem Cell

An undifferentiated cell capable of differentiating into specialised cell types.

Differentiation

The process where a stem cell develops into a specialised cell with a specific function.

Specialised

A cell that has developed a specific structure and function (e.g., red blood cells transport oxygen).

Cell Potency

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into various cell types. The more potent a cell is, the more types it can become.

Totipotent

A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type, including extraembryonic structures (e.g., placenta).

Pluripotent

A stem cell that can differentiate into most cell types, but not extraembryonic tissues (e.g., embryonic stem cells).

Multipotent

A stem cell that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue or organ (e.g., haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow).

Zygote

A diploid cell formed when two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) fuse. The first cell of a new organism.

Embryo

A developing organism in the early stages of growth, from the zygote stage until about eight weeks in humans.

Foetus

A human embryo after 8 weeks of development, where organs and structures have begun forming.

Bone Marrow

A semi-solid tissue inside bones that serves as the primary site for the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.